ArticlePharmacy practice
COVID-19 vaccination, do women suffer from more side effects than men? A retrospective cross-sectional study.
Article in Pharmacy practice. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Ocular Complications Following Different Types of Covid-19 Vaccines.Journal of immunology research · 2025Pooled it
- Development of a COVID-19 Vaccination Anxiety Scale to measure COVID-19 vaccine anxiety in Japanese adults.PloS one · 2026Article
- Updated profiling of COVID-19 vaccine adverse events using VAERS case reports.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- A data-driven machine learning framework to predict side effects of AstraZeneca and sinopharm COVID-19 vaccines.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- COVID-19 vaccines side effects among the general population during the pandemic: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Reported Adverse Events and Associated Factors in Korean Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccinations.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Article
- Article
- Sex differences in airway disease: estrogen and airway surface liquid dynamics.Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
- Sex and gender differences in adverse events following influenza and COVID-19 vaccination.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Country of origin effects in explaining motivations for COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: A cognitive-affective-norm approach.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Short-term side effects of BNT162b2 vaccine in primary care settings in Qatar: a retrospective study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Vaccine conspiracy association with higher COVID-19 vaccination side effects and negative attitude towards booster COVID-19, influenza and monkeypox vaccines: A pilot study in Saudi Universities.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- The role of blood groups, vaccine type and gender in predicting the severity of side effects among university students receiving COVID-19 vaccines.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Overlooked sex and gender aspects of emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons learned from COVID-19 to move towards health equity in pandemic response.Frontiers in global women's health · 2023Review
- Otorhinolaryngologic complications after COVID-19 vaccination, vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS).Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Uptake, Safety and Attitudes Towards COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study on First and Second Doses Among the General Public.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The vaccine was the only way to fight against Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) from its statement as a pandemic till day. COVID-19 vaccines were approved by the world health organization (WHO) in December 2020. Despite a large number of studies regarding the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines, to our knowledge, there were limited studies that outlined the gender disparity towards COVID-19 vaccine adverse effects. This study aims to outline the variety of side effects among men and women after getting COVID-19 vaccines (either single or two doses). It is a cross-sectional study accomplished electronically from September to November 2021. The participants involved were 843 Health Care Workers (HCWs) from different cities in Iraq. The majority of respondents were females (664). Around 65% of males experienced adverse effects compared to 77% of females. A high frequency of severe pain was reported among females. Regarding dermatological reactions like swelling, redness and skin rash were also higher reported among female subjects. In addition to that, higher frequencies of moderate and severe systemic adverse effects and mild to moderate nausea was also reported more frequently among females. In terms of cardiopulmonary adverse effects, all the reported adverse effects were found more frequently among females. In conclusion, COVID-19 vaccines produced limited adverse effects and the majority of them were reported among women. This may be associated with hormonal and psychological factors related to them.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.