ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2022
Recommendations for Using Causal Diagrams to Study Racial Health Disparities.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Estimating Causal Effects of Third-Stage Management on Postpartum Haemorrhage in a Midwifery Context: An Evidence Synthesis Approach for Constructing Directed Acyclic Graphs.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- "We adjusted for race": now what? A systematic review of utilization and reporting of race in American Journal of Epidemiology and Epidemiology, 2020-2021.Epidemiologic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Discrimination and risk of spontaneous abortion in a preconception cohort study.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026Article
- Race and Ethnicity and Overall Survival in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Diversity, equity, and inclusion considerations for anti-racist, equity-focused NICU family mental health.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Review
- Early life adversity and polycystic ovary syndrome among North American pregnancy planners.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- The use of race and ethnicity in air pollution epidemiology and methodological recommendations: A scoping review focusing on California.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Review
- Use of chemical hair straighteners in relation to incidence and growth of uterine leiomyomata: a prospective ultrasound study.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Relationships Between Extreme Ambient Temperatures, Neighborhood Structural Deprivation, and Fatal Police Violence: A Case-Crossover Analysis.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Opportunity and Genetic Literacy in a Representative Sample of US Adults.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2026Article
- Causal Inference in Health Disparities Research.Annual review of public health · 2026Review
- Racism and racial health inequity: four theories for public health.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Covariate adjustment in LGBTQ+ health disparities research: aligning methods with assumptions.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Measure Racism, Not Just Race: Recommendations for Scientific Practice.American journal of public health · 2026Article
- Risk factors for the recurrence of severe maternal morbidity in first and second births in California, 1997 to 2020.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- Evaluating the association between upstream perceived individual and neighborhood determinants of health and intensity of breast cancer screening.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Racialized economic segregation in relation to fecundability in a preconception cohort study.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Association of oil spill-related volatile organic compound exposure with CVD-related biomarkers in the Gulf Long-term Follow-up Study.Annals of work exposures and health · 2026Article
- Exacerbation of racial disparities in COVID-19 outcomes by Alzheimer's disease and related dementias among nursing home residents.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Impact of structural and interpersonal racism on oral health and dental services.Revista de saude publica · 2026Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
There have been calls for race to be denounced as a biological variable and for a greater focus on racism, instead of solely race, when studying racial health disparities in the United States. These calls are grounded in extensive scholarship and the rationale that race is not a biological variable, but instead socially constructed, and that structural/institutional racism is a root cause of race-related health disparities. However, there remains a lack of clear guidance for how best to incorporate these assertions about race and racism into tools, such as causal diagrams, that are commonly used by epidemiologists to study population health. We provide clear recommendations for using causal diagrams to study racial health disparities that were informed by these calls. These recommendations consider a health disparity to be a difference in a health outcome that is related to social, environmental, or economic disadvantage. We present simplified causal diagrams to illustrate how to implement our recommendations. These diagrams can be modified based on the health outcome and hypotheses, or for other group-based differences in health also rooted in disadvantage (e.g., gender). Implementing our recommendations may lead to the publication of more rigorous and informative studies of racial health disparities.
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