Trial reportVaccine2022
Comparative effectiveness of mandates and financial policies targeting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A randomized, controlled survey experiment.
Trial report in Vaccine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Interventions Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy in the WHO European Region and in North America (United States and Canada): A Systematic Review.Public health reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of a Theory- and Evidence-Based, Motivational Interviewing-Oriented Artificial Intelligence Digital Assistant on Vaccine Attitudes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Large and small financial incentives may motivate COVID-19 vaccination: A randomized, controlled survey experiment.PloS one · 2023Trial
- An open repository of COVID-19 vaccine mandate studies with a worked scoping review of quasi-experimental evidence.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Impact of Vaccination-Differentiated Public Health and Social Measures on Vaccine Uptake Among the Vaccine Hesitant.AJPM focus · 2026Article
- The Influence of Financial Incentives on Vaccination Hesitancy: A Narrative Review of Recent Research.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Analysis of public opinion polls about COVID-19 vaccines: Theoretical and policy implications for vaccine communication and campaigns to address vaccine hesitancy.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Common measures of vaccination intention generate substantially different estimates that can reduce predictive validity.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Do COVID-19 Vaccination Policies Backfire? The Effects of Mandates, Vaccination Passports, and Financial Incentives on COVID-19 Vaccination.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2024Review
- Article
- The backfiring effects of monetary and gift incentives on Covid-19 vaccination intentions.China economic review · 2023Article
- How Scientists View Vaccine Hesitancy.Vaccines · 2023Article
- The effect of vaccine mandate announcements on vaccine uptake in Canada: An interrupted time series analysis.Vaccine · 2023Article
- Identifying Drivers of COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Residents of Yopougon Est, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Consolidating a research agenda for vaccine mandates.Vaccine · 2022Article
- Employer impact on COVID-19 vaccine uptake among nursing and social care employees in Austria.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Experts debate whether COVID-19 vaccine mandates or financial incentives will reduce, rather than increase, interest in vaccination. Among 3,698 unvaccinated U.S. residents, we conducted a randomized, controlled survey-embedded experiment to estimate the absolute and relative psychological effects of vaccine policies specifying: mandates by employers or airlines, bars, and restaurants; lotteries for $1 million, $200,000, or $100,000; guaranteed cash for $1000, $200, or $100; and $1,000 as either a tax credit or penalty. Vaccine intention -the study outcome- predicts uptake and provides insight into the psychological mechanism that is most proximal to behavior (i.e., vaccination). Compared to controls, those who learned about the $1,000 cash reward policy were 17.1 (±5.3)% more likely to want vaccination. Employer mandates are more promising than other mandate policies (8.6 [+/- 7.4]% vs. 1.4 [+/- 6.0]%). The full results suggest that neither mandates nor financial incentives are likely to have counterproductive psychological effects. These policies are not mutually exclusive and, if implemented well, they may increase vaccine uptake.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.