SynthesisPloS one2022
Apelin and its ratio to lipid factors are associated with cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of flaxseed supplementation on weight loss, lipid profiles, glucose, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clinical cardiology · 2024Pooled it
- Myokines and mitochondrial function in cardiometabolic diseases.Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2026Review
- Relationship Between Adipose Tissue and Liver Dysfunction in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Metabolic Syndrome.Metabolites · 2026Review
- Potential Effects of Opium on Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Coronary Artery Disease by Interfering with Anti-inflammatory Drugs.Current molecular medicine · 2026Article
- The relationship between emotional intelligence levels, stress management skills and hormonal and cerebral responses in university students.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Apelin-to-total cholesterol ratio predicts long-term major adverse cardiovascular events in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective cohort analysis.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Article
- Analysis of Biomarker Levels in Nasopharyngeal Swabs, Serum, and Saliva Across Different Health Conditions.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Investigation of Genetic Variations in APLN and APLNR Genes and Their Potential Role in Cardiovascular Diseases.Reports of biochemistry & molecular biology · 2025Article
- Comparative Effects of Candesartan Versus Enalapril on Apelin, Visfatin, and Lipid Levels in Non-obese Hypertensive Patients.Medeniyet medical journal · 2024Article
- Salivary apelin hormone response and dysfunctional attitudes in adolescents in Türkiye: a relational screening model.BMC psychology · 2024Article
- Negative association of apelin plasma levels with epicardial fat thickness in patients with stable angina and acute myocardial infarction: A case-control study.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2024Article
- Biomarkers of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence in Patients with Paroxysmal or Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Following External Direct Current Electrical Cardioversion.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Chronic Low or High Nutrient Intake and Myokine Levels.Nutrients · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to ascertain if the circulating levels of apelin, as an important regulator of the cardiovascular homeostasis, differ in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and controls.
methodsA comprehensive search was performed in electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science to identify the studies addressing apelin in CVD up to April 5, 2021. Due to the presence of different units to measure the circulating levels of apelin across the included studies, they expressed the standardized mean difference (SMD) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) as summary effect size. A random-effects model comprising DerSimonian and Laird method was used to pool SMDs.
resultsTwenty-four articles (30 studies) comprised of 1793 cases and 1416 controls were included. Pooled results obtained through random-effects model indicated that apelin concentrations in the cases' blood samples were significantly lower than those of the control groups (SMD = -0.72, 95% CI: -1.25, -0.18, P = 0.009; I2 = 97.3%, P<0.001). New combined biomarkers showed a significant decrease in SMD of apelin/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (apelin/HDL-C) ratio [-5.17; 95% CI, -8.72, -1.63, P = 0.000; I2 = 99.0%], apelin/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (apelin/LDL-C) ratio [-4.31; 95% CI, -6.08, -2.55, P = 0.000; I2 = 98.0%] and apelin/total cholesterol (apelin/TC) ratio [-17.30; 95% CI, -22.85, -11.76, P = 0.000; I2 = 99.1%]. However, no significant differences were found in the SMD of apelin/triacylglycerol (apelin/TG) ratio in cases with CVDs compared to the control group [-2.96; 95% CI, -7.41, 1.49, P = 0.000; I2 = 99.2%].
conclusionThe association of apelin with CVDs is different based on the region and disease subtypes. These findings account for the possible usefulness of apelin as an additional biomarker in the diagnosis of CVD in diabetic patients and in the diagnosis of patients with CAD. Moreover, apelin/HDL-c, apelin/LDL-c, and apelin/TC ratios could be offered as diagnostic markers for CVD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.