ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2022
A Comprehensive Review of the Protein Subunit Vaccines Against COVID-19.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative efficacy of leading COVID-19 vaccines: A network meta-analysis.The Indian journal of medical research · 2025Pooled it
- Acceptance-Hesitancy of COVID-19 Vaccination and Factors Affecting It in Adults: Systematic Review Study.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Pooled it
- Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein subunit vaccine adjuvanted with Alum + CpG 1018 in healthy Indonesian adults: A multicenter, randomized, comparative, observer-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant RBD-based protein adjuvanted vaccine used as booster in healthy adults.Nature communications · 2023Trial
- A dimeric mRNA vaccine based on key-mutant and KP.3 RBDs induces broad-spectrum immunity and protects mice against JN.1 and XDV challenges.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- Immunogenicity and protective efficacy on non-adjuvanted CD40-targeting SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in non-human primates.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Assessment of safety and immunogenicity of a protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine (ABDALA) in pregnant women: a single-cohort, multicenter, observational ESPIRTA study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Observational
- A Modular Vaccine Platform Against SARS-CoV-2 Based on Self-Assembled Protein Nanoparticles.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Chimeric vaccine based on Iraqi HLA alleles against a predominant localFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Establishing long-lasting vaccine immunity: insights from mRNA and adjuvanted protein platforms.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Multi-attribute monitoring (MAM) methodology for glycosylated subunit vaccines.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- An updated review of Zika virus vaccine development.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2025Review
- Insulin deficiency inhibits vaccine-mediated antibody and germinal center B-cell formation in mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- A Spike-Accum bioconjugate protein vaccine confers potent SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity.iScience · 2025Article
- Review
- In Silico Development of a Chimeric Multi-Epitope Vaccine TargetingPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Adjuvanted Protein Vaccines Boost RNA-Based Vaccines for Broader and More Potent Immune Responses.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Review
- Development of bivalent RBD adapted COVID-19 vaccines for broad sarbecovirus immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Two years after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), in December 2019, the first infections were identified in Wuhan city of China. SARS-CoV-2 infection caused a global pandemic and accordingly, 5.41 million deaths worldwide. Hence, developing a safe and efficient vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seems to be an urgent need. Attempts to produce efficient vaccines inexhaustibly are ongoing. At present time, according to the COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape provided by World Health Organization (WHO), there are 161 vaccine candidates in different clinical phases all over the world. In between, protein subunit vaccines are types of vaccines that contain a viral protein like spike protein or its segment as the antigen assumed to elicit humoral and cellular immunity and good protective effects. Previously, this technology of vaccine manufacturing was used in a recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4). In the present work, we review protein subunit vaccines passing their phase 3 and 4 clinical trials, population participated in these trials, vaccines manufactures, vaccines efficiency and their side effects, and other features of these vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.