ReviewNeuroscience insights2022
At the Root of 3 "Long" Diseases: Persistent Antigens Inflicting Chronic Damage on the Brain and Other Organs in Gulf War Illness, Long-COVID-19, and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
Review in Neuroscience insights, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glycan-based biological degraders targeting the cytokine immune axis.Communications biology · 2026Article
- In Silico-Identified Peptides of FiveBiology · 2026Article
- HLA and pathogens in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and other post-infection conditions.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Gulf War Illness, Fibromyalgia, Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Long COVID Overlap in Common Symptoms and Underlying Biological Mechanisms: Implications for Future Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) at the Root of Persistent Antigens and Long COVID.Journal of immunological sciences · 2025Article
- Changes in expression of VGF, SPECC1L, HLA-DRA and RANBP3L act with APOE E4 to alter risk for late onset Alzheimer's disease.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Deep phenotyping of post-infectious myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.Nature communications · 2024Article
- B-cell targeted therapies in autoimmune encephalitis: mechanisms, clinical applications, and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Exposing the latent phenotype of Gulf War Illness: examination of the mechanistic mediators of cognitive dysfunction.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Novel characterization of endogenous transient receptor potential melastatin 3 ion channels from Gulf War Illness participants.PloS one · 2024Article
- The Human Brainome: changes in expression of VGF, SPECC1L, HLA-DRA and RANBP3L act with APOE E4 to alter risk for late onset Alzheimer's disease.Research square · 2023Article
- Association between brain cancer immunogenetic profile and in silico immunogenicities of 11 viruses.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Schizophrenia, Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA), and Herpes Viruses: Immunogenetic Associations at the Population Level.Neuroscience insights · 2023Article
- Distinct temporal trajectories and risk factors for Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Several foreign antigens such as those derived from viruses and bacteria have been linked to long-term deleterious effects on the brain and other organs; yet, health outcomes subsequent to foreign antigen exposure vary depending in large part on the host's immune system, in general, and on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) composition, in particular. Here we first provide a brief description of 3 conditions characterized by persistent long-term symptoms, namely long-COVID-19, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), and Gulf War Illness (GWI), followed by a brief overview of the role of HLA in the immune response to foreign antigens. We then discuss our Persistent Antigen (PA) hypothesis and highlight associations between antigen persistence due to HLA-antigen incongruence and chronic health conditions in general and the 3 "long" diseases above in particular. This review is not intended to cover the breadth and depth of symptomatology of those diseases but is specifically focused on the hypothesis that the presence of persistent antigens underlies their pathogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.