ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2022
High Prevalence of Common Human Viruses in Thyroid Tissue.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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16 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unveiling the mediating role of immune cells in the link between pathogen infections and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Traditional Chinese Medicine as an Adjunct in Hyperthyroidism Management: A Narrative Review of Pathophysiology, Proposed Mechanisms, and Clinical Evidence.International journal of general medicine · 2026Review
- A Scoping Review on the Prevalence of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and the Possible Associated Factors.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Narrative overview of possible preventive measures for differentiated thyroid carcinomas.Heliyon · 2025Review
- Bridging Microbiomes: Exploring Oral and Gut Microbiomes in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases- New Insights and Therapeutic Frontiers.Gut microbes reports · 2025Review
- Autoimmune Thyroiditis Unveiled: A Case Report of Managing Virally Induced Symptoms in the Emergency Department.Cureus · 2025Article
- Viral infection and thyroid disorders: a narrative review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Epstein-Barr virus in thyroid disease: an integrated immunovirological perspective.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Review
- The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Development of Autoimmune Thyroiditis-Review.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Determination of HLA class II risk alleles and prediction of self/non-self-epitopes contributing Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a group of Iranian patients.Immunogenetics · 2024Article
- Shared Pathogenicity Features and Sequences between EBV, SARS-CoV-2, and HLA Class I Molecule-binding Motifs with a Potential Role in Autoimmunity.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2023Review
- Medical Applications of Molecular Biotechnologies in the Context of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Viruses and Endocrine Diseases.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- A Literature Review on SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses in Thyroid Disorders: Environmental Triggers or No-Guilty Bystanders?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- Live enteroviruses, but not other viruses, detected in human pancreas at the onset of type 1 diabetes in the DiViD study.Diabetologia · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Evidence points to viral infections as possible triggers of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), but little is known about the prevalence of common viruses in the thyroid gland. Using a novel approach based on virus enrichment in multiple cell lines followed by detection of the viral genome and visualization of viral proteins, we investigated the presence of multiple human viruses in thyroid tissue from AITD patients and controls. Methods: Thyroid tissue was collected by core needle biopsy or during thyroid surgery from 35 patients with AITD (20 Graves' disease and 15 Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Eighteen thyroid tissue specimens from patients undergoing neck surgery for reasons other than thyroid autoimmunity served as controls. Specimens were tested for the presence of ten different viruses. Enteroviruses and human herpesvirus 6 were enriched in cell culture before detection by PCR and immunofluorescence, while the remaining viruses were detected by PCR of biopsied tissue. Results: Forty of 53 cases (75%) carried an infectious virus. Notably, 43% of all cases had a single virus, whereas 32% were coinfected by two or more virus types. An enterovirus was found in 27/53 cases (51%), human herpesvirus 6 in 16/53 cases (30%) and parvovirus B19 in 12/53 cases (22%). Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus were found in a few cases only. Of five gastroenteric virus groups examined, only one was detected in a single specimen. Virus distribution was not statistically different between AITD cases and controls. Conclusion: Common human viruses are highly prevalent in the thyroid gland. This is the first study in which multiple viral agents have been explored in thyroid. It remains to be established whether the detected viruses represent causal agents, possible cofactors or simple bystanders.
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