Childhood trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, early maladaptive schemas, and schema modes: a comparison of individuals with obesity and normal weight controls.

Dean Spirou, Jayanthi Raman, Ramy H Bishay, Golo Ahlenstiel, Evelyn Smith

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in BMC psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

7citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

Understanding how adverse childhood experiences influence the development of postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder: a qualitative study in China.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026
Article
Frequency and Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychiatric Outcomes Among Treatment-seeking Patients with Severe Obesity: a Retrospective Observational Study.Obesity surgery · 2026
Observational
Psychological Profile of Bariatric Surgery Candidates: A Cross-Sectional Study.Brain and behavior · 2026
Article
Psychobehavioral profiles of eating risk: schema-emotion regulation patterns differ in central adiposity with genotype (FTO rs9939609) as external validator-a pilot study.Eating and weight disorders : EWD · 2026
Article
A Qualitative Exploration of Postoperative Bariatric Patients' Psychosocial Support for Long-Term Weight Loss and Psychological Wellbeing.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024
Article
Early Maladaptive Schemas as Core Therapeutic Targets in Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Schema Therapy-Informed Network Analysis.Clinical psychology & psychotherapy
Article
Addressing Schemas, Modes and Interoceptive Disconnection in Chronic Binge Eating Disorder: A Temperament-Informed Schema Therapy Case Series.Clinical psychology & psychotherapy
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Dean SpirouDiscipline of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Jayanthi RamanSchool of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.

Ramy H BishayBlacktown Metabolic and Weight Loss Program, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Golo AhlenstielSchool of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Evelyn SmithSchool of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. evelyn.smith@westernsydney.edu.au.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPrevious research on the psychological mechanisms of obesity has primarily focused on acute psychopathology. However, there is limited literature on the role of more complex and entrenched psychological processes in weight management. The current study aimed to expand previous research by examining more enduring psychological constructs, including early maladaptive schemas (EMS), schemas modes, and trauma.

methodsParticipants (N = 125) comprised adults with normal weight (n = 40) and obesity (n = 85) from community and clinical settings in Australia. Eligible participants completed a series of self-report questionnaires via Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). Two, separate, one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were conducted to examine group differences on the outcome variables.

resultsFindings indicated a significant effect of group on EMS and schema modes, V = .51, F(32, 92) = 2.97, p < .001, partial η

conclusionThis was the first study to compare EMS and schema modes in treatment-seeking individuals with obesity and normal weight controls using the short form version 3 of the Young Schema Questionnaire and revised, 118-item, Schema Mode Inventory. Overall, findings revealed that individuals with obesity experience more complex and enduring psychological difficulties than normal weight individuals. Increased assessment and targeted treatment of these underlying mental health concerns may contribute to a more holistic conceptualisation of obesity and could improve the long-term success of weight management.

Indexed as

Adverse Childhood ExperiencesStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticAdaptation, PsychologicalAdultHumansObesitySurveys and QuestionnairesChildhood traumaEarly maladaptive schemasObesityPosttraumatic stress disorderSchema modesSchema therapy

Identifiers

PMID35907801

DOI10.1186/s12888-022-04169-7

PMCPMC9339192

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.