ArticleJournal of clinical immunology2022
Inborn Errors of Immunity in Patients with Adverse Events Following BCG Vaccination in Brazil.
Article in Journal of clinical immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Overview of next-generation sequencing to the molecular diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity in Brazil: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Rapidly Progressive Disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Infection (BCGitis) in a 3-Month-Old Infant Without Immunodeficiency: A Case Report.The American journal of case reports · 2025Article
- BCGitis and BCGosis: Clinical Spectrum, Immunological Mechanisms, and Risk Management.Vaccines · 2025Review
- A BCG-boosting subunit vaccine RS2/DMI induces Th1-polarized immunity by targeting RD6 and secretory antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Archives of microbiology · 2025Article
- Learning from inborn errors of immunity and secondary immune deficiencies about vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Review
- Diagnosis and Management of Infections in Patients with Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Fatal viscerotropic and neurotropic disease after yellow fever vaccine: a rare manifestation leading to diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency in an infant.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is routinely applied in Brazil. Adverse events (AE) may occur in patients with inborn or acquired immunodeficiencies, varying between local (BCGitis) or disseminated (BCGosis) reactions. We evaluated 53 individuals with local or disseminated adverse events to BCG vaccination to assess if they had inborn errors of immunity (IEI).
methodsPatients diagnosed with an adverse event following BCG vaccination between 2014 and 2017 were included in the study. We collected clinical data, immunophenotyped T and B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells (NK), assessed oxidative function of neutrophils through dihydrorhodamine (DHR) 123 testing, and genotyped 361 genes related to IEI through targeted (panel) sequencing.
resultsThe median age of the 53 individuals was four months (IQ 1.5-12), and 52.8% were male. Forty-eight (90.6%) individuals presented only locoregional AE and five (9.4%) presented both locoregional and disseminated AE. Nine (16.9%) patients were diagnosed with an IEI. Four of them presented BCGitis and five presented BCGosis after BCG vaccination. Clinically, four presented chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), three Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD), and two severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Patients with IEI had a higher frequency of systemic symptomatology (p = 0.002), history of other infections (p < 0.001), parental consanguinity (p = 0.01), familial history of sick siblings (p < 0.001), or early deaths in the family (p < 0.01).
conclusionThere is a high frequency of IEI in patients with locoregional and disseminated adverse events to BCG vaccination, revealing the need for the investigation of IEI accompanied by clinical and familial inquiry.
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