ArticleFluids and barriers of the CNS2022
Antibody indices of infectious pathogens from serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Article in Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unveiling the Interplay of EBV, HSV-1, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Psychiatric Disorders.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Unravelling the Viral Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms and Evidence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Neural autoantibodies in psychiatric disorders are associated with antibodies against viral pathogens: a retrospective study of 619 patients.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Article
- Microbes and Mental Illness: Past, Present, and Future.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Neurodegeneration Markers in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of 100 Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionInfectious and immunological theories of schizophrenia have been discussed for over a century. Contradictory results for infectious agents in association with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) were reported. The rationale of this study was to investigate intrathecal antibody synthesis of the most frequently discussed neurotropic pathogens using a pathogen-specific antibody index (AI) in patients with SSD in comparison to controls.
methodsIn 100 patients with SSD and 39 mentally healthy controls with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), antibodies against the herpesviruses EBV, CMV, and HSV 1/2 as well as the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, were measured in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples with ELISA-kits. From these antibody concentrations the pathogen-specific AIs were determined with the assumption of intrathecal antibody synthesis at values > 1.5.
resultsNo significant difference was detected in the number of SSD patients with elevated pathogen-specific AI compared to the control group. In a subgroup analysis, a significantly higher EBV AI was observed in the group of patients with chronic SSD compared to patients with first-time SSD diagnosis (p = 0.003). In addition, two identified outlier EBV patients showed evidence for polyspecific immune reactions (with more than one increased AI).
conclusionsEvidence for the role of intrathecal EBV antibody synthesis was found in patients with chronic SSD compared to those first diagnosed. Apart from a possible infectious factor in SSD pathophysiology, the evidence for polyspecific immune response in outlier patients may also suggest the involvement of further immunological processes in a small subgroup of SSD patients.
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