ReviewThe Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association2022
The association between black stain and lower risk of dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Review in The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extrinsic black tooth stain and dental caries in the primary dentition of Vietnamese preschool children.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026Article
- Supragingival Biomarker flora of Children With and Without Cariogenic Disease and Black Stains, Aged 3 to 6 Years.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Metabolic profiling of severe early childhood caries and black stain: pathway and biomarker discovery in 3-6-year-olds.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Article
- Association Between Chromogenic Black Stain and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Automatic recognition of oral health status in mixed dentition via intraoral photography.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Biochemical Saliva Analysis and Caries Experience In Children With Black Tooth Stain.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2025Article
- The potential bactericidal effect of oral probiotics on extrinsic black stain-associated bacteria in children: AnJournal of dental sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrevious literature shows that children with dental black stain might be less susceptible to dental caries. The aim of this study was to systematically review the available literature to determine whether black stain presence could influence the prevalence or severity of dental caries in primary dentition.
methodsA systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, OpenGrey, and Egyptian Universities Libraries Consortium was conducted up to December 2020. Quality assessment was done using a modified version of Down's and Black checklist. Meta-analyses were performed to assess the association between dental black stain and: (i) Likelihood of developing dental caries/being caries-free (ii) Number of teeth affected by dental caries (iii) Number of tooth surfaces affected.
resultsThe database search yielded 2164 results, 14 of which matched the eligibility criteria. The meta-analysis showed that the likelihood of developing caries (Fixed effect model: OR [95% CI]: 0.67 [0.54; 0.82]; I
conclusionsIt is suggested that dental black stain is associated with lower dental caries experience in children with primary dentition. However, it is questionable whether black stain has a protective effect against dental caries, or whether children at low risk of dental caries are more likely to develop BS because their oral microbiome favors BS-forming organisms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.