ArticleJournal of medical virology2022
Distinct immune responses in the early phase to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination.
Article in Journal of medical virology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Engineered IgA-Fc fusion protein with bioactive nanobody neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants with mucosal delivery potential.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- High expression of GRB14 is associated with cancer progression and poor prognosis in gastric cancer.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Observations of Wart Clearance Following COVID-19 Vaccination: Coincidence or Missed Immunologic Signals?Vaccines · 2025Article
- Enhanced mucosal immune responses and reduced viral load in the respiratory tract of ferrets to intranasal lipid nanoparticle-based SARS-CoV-2 proteins and mRNA vaccines.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Article
- Article
- The impact of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2023Review
- Distinct immune responses in the early phase to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination.Journal of medical virology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune responses elicited by viral infection or vaccination play key roles in the viral elimination and the prevention of reinfection, as well as the protection of healthy persons. As one of the most widely used Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines, there have been increasing concerns about the necessity of additional doses of inactivated vaccines, due to the waning immune response several months after vaccination. To further optimize inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, we compared immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 elicited by natural infection and immunization with inactivated vaccines in the early phase. We observed the lower antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins in the early phase of postvaccination with a slow increase, compared to the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection. Specifically, IgA antibodies have the most significant differences. Moreover, we further analyzed cytokine expression between these two groups. A wide variety of cytokines presented high expression in the infected individuals, while a few cytokines were elicited by inactivated vaccines. The differences in antibody responses and cytokine levels between natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination with the inactivated vaccines may provide implications for the optimization of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the additional application of serological tests.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.