A Novel Deep Learning Model to Distinguish Malignant Versus Benign Solid Lung Nodules.

BACKGROUND In this study we aimed to establish a new transfer learning model based on noncontrast and thin-layer computed tomography (CT) scans to distinguish between malignant and benign solid lung nodules. MATERIAL AND METHODS CT images from 202 patients with 210 lesions (malignant: 127, benign: 83) manifesting as solid lung nodules from January 2016 to December 2020 from 3 institutions were retrospectively collected, and each nodule was histopathologically confirmed. Two experienced thoracic radiologists reviewed all images and determined the regions of interest (ROIs) in the three-dimensional (3D) images layer-by-layer. We divided the lesions and images into training and testing sets at a ratio of 7: 3. The Inception V3 model was pretrained by the training dataset. Five-fold cross-validation was used to choose the optimal model. Receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC curves) for methods to evaluate the performance of the models were drafted. RESULTS In the validation set, the AUC, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of Inception V3 model (lesion-level) were 0.999, 0.989, 0.983, and 1.0, respectively, which is higher than the image-level (0.997, 0.933, 0.922, and 0.948, respectively). The Inception V3 model (lesion-level) performed better than the image-level but there was no significant difference between the models (P>0.05). The ResNet50 model based on image level achieved AUC, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.963, 0.926, 0.916, and 0.944, respectively, which is lower than that of Inception V3. CONCLUSIONS Our study developed a novel deep learning model based on noncontrast and thin-layer CT scans to classify benign vs malignant lung nodules, and the Inception V3 model greatly improved the differentiation accuracy and specificity.