ReviewJournal of tissue engineering
Human mini brains and spinal cords in a dish: Modeling strategies, current challenges, and prospective advances.
Review in Journal of tissue engineering. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emerging Regenerative Medicine for Spinal Cord Injury: Spinal Cord Organoids-on-a-Chip.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Epigenetic Regulation of Inflammation by Dopamine in Primary Human Macrophages.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Beyond Transplantation: Engineering Neural Cell Therapies and Combination Strategies for Spinal Cord Repair.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Epigenetic regulation of inflammation by dopamine in primary human macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Generation of Neural Organoids and Their Application in Disease Modeling and Regenerative Medicine.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Pain research in a petri dish? Advantages and limitations of neuro-glial primary cell cultures from structures of the nociceptive system.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Establishment of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurosphere model to study pathomechanisms and chemical toxicity in Kleefstra syndrome.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Neural Tissue-Like, not Supraphysiological, Electrical Conductivity Stimulates Neuronal Lineage Specification through Calcium Signaling and Epigenetic Modification.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Vascularized Brain Assembloids With Enhanced Cellular Complexity Provide Insights Into the Cellular Deficits of Tauopathy.Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) · 2024Article
- Progress in spinal cord organoid research: advancing understanding of neural development, disease modelling, and regenerative medicine.Biomaterials translational · 2024Review
- Brain organoid as a model to study the role of mitochondria in neurodevelopmental disorders: achievements and weaknesses.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Intercellular crosstalk mediated by tunneling nanotubes between central nervous system cells. What we need to advance.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Review
- Veteran-derived cerebral organoids display multifaceted pathological defects in studies on Gulf War Illness.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2022Article
- Mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing XIST induce macrophage M2 polarization and improve neural stem cell homeostatic microenvironment, alleviating spinal cord injury.Journal of tissue engineeringArticle
- Decellularized extracellular matrix for organoid and engineered organ culture.Journal of tissue engineeringReview
- Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived planar neural organoids assembled on synthetic hydrogels.Journal of tissue engineeringArticle
- In vitro and ex vivo models of the oral mucosa as platforms for the validation of novel drug delivery systems.Journal of tissue engineeringReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Engineered three-dimensional (3D) in vitro and ex vivo neural tissues, also known as "mini brains and spinal cords in a dish," can be derived from different types of human stem cells via several differentiation protocols. In general, human mini brains are micro-scale physiological systems consisting of mixed populations of neural progenitor cells, glial cells, and neurons that may represent key features of human brain anatomy and function. To date, these specialized 3D tissue structures can be characterized into spheroids, organoids, assembloids, organ-on-a-chip and their various combinations based on generation procedures and cellular components. These 3D CNS models incorporate complex cell-cell interactions and play an essential role in bridging the gap between two-dimensional human neuroglial cultures and animal models. Indeed, they provide an innovative platform for disease modeling and therapeutic cell replacement, especially shedding light on the potential to realize personalized medicine for neurological disorders when combined with the revolutionary human induced pluripotent stem cell technology. In this review, we highlight human 3D CNS models developed from a variety of experimental strategies, emphasize their advances and remaining challenges, evaluate their state-of-the-art applications in recapitulating crucial phenotypic aspects of many CNS diseases, and discuss the role of contemporary technologies in the prospective improvement of their composition, consistency, complexity, and maturation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.