ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
New Insights into the Role of Insulin and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis in the Metabolic Syndrome.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of energy-matched low- versus high-carbohydrate diets on glycaemic control, lipid profile, and body composition in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.European journal of nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- A Randomised Feasibility Study Assessing Acute Physiological Responses to Weight Stigma in Women Living With Obesity.Clinical obesity · 2026Trial
- Effects of early life adversity on acute metabolic outcomes during neonatal development.Neurobiology of stress · 2026Article
- Prevalence and clinical correlates of positive aldosterone-to-renin ratio screening in obese hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a Southeast Asian cross-sectional study.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Article
- Epigenetic legacies of famine: mechanistic pathways to obesity in modern environments.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Hypercortisolism in Type 2 Diabetes with Treatment-Resistant Hyperglycemia: A Treatable Metabolic Phenotype?Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2026Article
- Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Risk of New-Onset Chronic Liver Disease Among Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study Based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Insulin Resistance as a Systemic Metabolic Risk State for Cancer: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Prevention.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Relationship between depressive symptom trajectories and cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged and older adults with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Inflammaging and Sarcopenia as Interconnected Hallmarks of Aging: Integrative Roles of Bioactive Compounds and Lifestyle Interventions.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Glucose as a Biomarker for Stress in Firefighters.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine · 2026Article
- The relationships between diabetic male infertility, diabetic cognitive impairment, and the neuroendocrine-immune network: A review.Medicine · 2026Review
- Triangulating the link between depression and liver disease: An integrative analysis of genetic, observational, and research trend data.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Genetic parameters of feeding behavior traits and multi-tissue transcriptomic comparison of divergent feeding patterns in ducks.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Gestational diabetes: from pathogenesis to therapeutic intervention.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Review
- Pancreatic fat deposition as a mediator of adrenal gland volume and type 2 diabetes: evidence from MRI.BMC medical imaging · 2026Article
- Role of Sleep Disturbances and Diabetes-Related Distress on Glycemic Control: A Path Analysis.Research in nursing & health · 2026Article
- Low-Carbohydrate (Ketogenic) Diet in Children with Obesity: Part 2-Hormonal Effects of the Ketogenic Diet.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- [Regional features of the main indicators of carbohydrate metabolism in young residents of various climatic and geographical zones of residence].Problemy endokrinologii · 2026Article
- Two Sides of a Coin: Molecular, metabolic, and Phenotypic Convergence in Pediatric Undernutrition and Obesity.Current obesity reports · 2026Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent data suggests that (pre)diabetes onset is preceded by a period of hyperinsulinemia. Consumption of the "modern" Western diet, over-nutrition, genetic background, decreased hepatic insulin clearance, and fetal/metabolic programming may increase insulin secretion, thereby causing chronic hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia is an important etiological factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and Alzheimer's disease. Recent data suggests that the onset of prediabetes and diabetes are preceded by a variable period of hyperinsulinemia. Emerging data suggest that chromic hyperinsulinemia is also a driving force for increased activation of the hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary (HPA) axis in subjects with the metabolic syndrome, leading to a state of "functional hypercortisolism". This "functional hypercortisolism" by antagonizing insulin actions may prevent hypoglycemia. It also disturbs energy balance by shifting energy fluxes away from muscles toward abdominal fat stores. Synergistic effects of hyperinsulinemia and "functional hypercortisolism" promote abdominal visceral obesity and insulin resistance which are core pathophysiological components of the metabolic syndrome. It is hypothesized that hyperinsulinemia-induced increased activation of the HPA axis plays an important etiological role in the development of the metabolic syndrome and its consequences. Numerous studies have demonstrated reversibility of hyperinsulinemia with lifestyle, surgical, and pharmaceutical-based therapies. Longitudinal studies should be performed to investigate whether strategies that reduce hyperinsulinemia at an early stage are successfully in preventing increased activation of the HPA axis and the metabolic syndrome.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.