ArticleBMC public health2022
The association between the presence of fast-food outlets and BMI: the role of neighbourhood socio-economic status, healthy food outlets, and dietary factors.
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Association between Community Food Environments and Health Outcomes in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Literature Review.Current nutrition reports · 2025Pooled it
- Association and Interaction of Neighborhood Environment and Social Factors With Blood Glucose Among Adult Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Identifying co-occurring neighbourhood environmental patterns and their association with health behaviours in a Dutch urban population at high cardiometabolic risk.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Associations between neighborhood socioeconomic status and cardiometabolic health among Asian American residents of New York city.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
- Longitudinal associations between fast food outlet count and inflammatory markers in the US-based nurses' health study II between 1998 and 2011.Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD · 2026Article
- Urban Foodscape in Transition: Spatiotemporal Characteristics in Healthy and Unhealthy Food Outlets and Socioeconomic Disparities in Wuhan During 2012-2022.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Special Diets and Nutrient Intakes in Morbidly Obese US Adults in Comparison to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.Nutrition journal · 2025Article
- Community listening to understand determinants of healthy eating in an Australian priority community.Health promotion international · 2025Article
- Association between neighbourhood food environment and dietary quality among adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Heliyon · 2025Article
- Health impacts of takeaway management zones around schools in six different local authorities across England: a public health modelling study using PRIMEtime.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Trapped in vicious cycles: unraveling the health experiences and needs of adults living with socioeconomic insecurity.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Article
- Influence of the food environment on obesity risk in a large cohort of US veterans by community type.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2024Article
- Effects of changes in residential fast-food outlet exposure on Body Mass Index change: longitudinal evidence from 92,211 Lifelines participants.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2024Article
- Applying systems thinking in youth-centred participatory action research for health promotion in an underserved neighbourhood.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Place of Residence Is Associated with Dietary Intake and BMI-SDS in Children and Adolescents: Findings from the DONALD Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Social determinants of health as drivers of fungal disease.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEvidence on the association between the presence of fast-food outlets and Body Mass Index (BMI) is inconsistent. Furthermore, mechanisms underlying the fast-food outlet presence-BMI association are understudied. We investigated the association between the number of fast-food outlets being present and objectively measured BMI. Moreover, we investigated to what extent this association was moderated by neighbourhood socio-economic status (NSES) and healthy food outlets. Additionally, we investigated mediation by frequency of fast-food consumption and amount of fat intake.
methodsIn this cross-sectional study, we used baseline data of adults in Lifelines (N = 149,617). Geo-coded residential addresses were linked to fast-food and healthy food outlet locations. We computed the number of fast-food and healthy food outlets within 1 kilometre (km) of participants' residential addresses (each categorised into null, one, or at least two). Participants underwent objective BMI measurements. We linked data to Statistics Netherlands to compute NSES. Frequency of fast-food consumption and amount of fat intake were measured through questionnaires in Lifelines. Multivariable multilevel linear regression analyses were performed to investigate associations between fast-food outlet presence and BMI, adjusting for individual and environmental potential confounders. When exposure-moderator interactions had p-value < 0.10 or improved model fit (∆AIC ≥ 2), we conducted stratified analyses. We used causal mediation methods to assess mediation.
resultsParticipants with one fast-food outlet within 1 km had a higher BMI than participants with no fast-food outlet within 1 km (B = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.21). Effect sizes for at least two fast-food outlets were larger in low NSES areas (B = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.57), and especially in low NSES areas where at least two healthy food outlets within 1 km were available (B = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.19, 1.31). Amount of fat intake, but not frequency of fast-food consumption, explained this association for 3.1%.
conclusionsParticipants living in low SES neighbourhoods with at least two fast-food outlets within 1 km of their residential address had a higher BMI than their peers with no fast-food outlets within 1 km. Among these participants, healthy food outlets did not buffer the potentially unhealthy impact of fast-food outlets. Amount of fat intake partly explained this association. This study highlights neighbourhood socio-economic inequalities regarding fast-food outlets and BMI.
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