ArticleBMC endocrine disorders2022
The sonographic quantitative assessment of the deltoid muscle to detect type 2 diabetes mellitus: a potential noninvasive and sensitive screening method?
Article in BMC endocrine disorders, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ultrasound Evaluations of Ankle and Foot Muscles in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Current diabetes reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Muscle Ultrasound Echo Intensity Detects Insulin Resistance Before Changes in HbAJournal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine · 2026Article
- Interpretable hybrid deep learning features of pectoralis on low-dose chest CT for detecting type 2 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Muscle Ultrasound: A Novel Noninvasive Tool for Early Detection of Developing Insulin Resistance and Lower Muscle Mass in Obesity.Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine · 2025Article
- Development and validation of machine learning-based diagnostic models using blood transcriptomics for early childhood diabetes prediction.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Myosteatosis: diagnostic significance and assessment by imaging approaches.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2024Review
- Skeletal Muscle Ultrasound Radiomics and Machine Learning for the Earlier Detection of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of medical ultrasoundArticle
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn our previous published study, we demonstrated that a qualitatively assessed elevation in deltoid muscle echogenicity on ultrasound was both sensitive for and a strong predictor of a type 2 diabetes (T2DM) diagnosis. This study aims to evaluate if a sonographic quantitative assessment of the deltoid muscle can be used to detect T2DM.
methodsDeltoid muscle ultrasound images from 124 patients were stored: 31 obese T2DM, 31 non-obese T2DM, 31 obese non-T2DM and 31 non-obese non-T2DM. Images were independently reviewed by 3 musculoskeletal radiologists, blinded to the patient's category. Each measured the grayscale pixel intensity of the deltoid muscle and humeral cortex to calculate a muscle/bone ratio for each patient. Following a 3-week delay, the 3 radiologists independently repeated measurements on a randomly selected 40 subjects. Ratios, age, gender, race, body mass index, insulin usage and hemoglobin A
resultsA statistically significant difference in muscle/bone ratios between the groups was identified with the average ratios as follows: obese T2DM, 0.54 (P < 0.001); non-obese T2DM, 0.48 (P < 0.001); obese non-T2DM, 0.42 (P = 0.03); and non-obese non-T2DM, 0.35. There was excellent inter-observer agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.87) and excellent intra-observer agreements (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.92, 0.95 and 0.94). Using threshold ratios, the sensitivity for detecting T2DM was 80% (95% CI 67% to 88%) with a specificity of 63% (95% CI 50% to 75%).
conclusionsThe sonographic quantitative assessment of the deltoid muscle by ultrasound is sensitive and accurate for the detection of T2DM. Following further studies, this process could translate into a dedicated, simple and noninvasive screening method to detect T2DM with the prospects of identifying even a fraction of the undiagnosed persons worldwide. This could prove especially beneficial in screening of underserved and underrepresented communities.
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