Trial reportTranslational psychiatry2022
Enhancing exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a randomized clinical trial of virtual reality and imaginal exposure with a cognitive enhancer.
Trial report in Translational psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01352637 (Enhancing Exposure Therapy for PTSD), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Enhancing Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Virtual Reality and Imaginal Exposure With a Cognitive Enhancer
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular pathways of ketamine: A systematic review of immediate and sustained effects on PTSD.Psychopharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d-cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Assessing the Impact of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Video Games on Improving Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingPooled it
- Neurotrophin System as a Complex Set of Potential Biomarkers in Psychiatric Disorders and Therapy-Overview of Recent Advances.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Post-traumatic stress disorder.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Presence Is Reality: Rethinking Virtual and Real-World Consciousness.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Augmenting evidence-based PTSD psychotherapy with neuroscientifically informed interventions: A mind-body-brain approach.Journal of military, veteran and family health · 2026Article
- Virtual reality in treatment of psychological disorders: a systematic review.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Review
- Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Anxiety-Related Disorders: A Review of the Innovations, Challenges, and Clinical Implications.Current psychiatry reports · 2025Review
- Augmented Reality 3MDR Therapy for the Treatment of PTSD and Comorbid Moral Injury: A Case Study.Psychiatry and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Ginkgo Biloba as a niche theme cognitive enhancer agent, 1420 dokumen of Scopus database. A bibliometric study from 1988 to 2024.F1000Research · 2025Article
- The Val66Met variant of brain-derived neurotrophic factor is linked to reduced telomere length in a military population: a pilot study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Virtual reality exposure therapy advances and potential for clinical and experimental use.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Enhancing Agency in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Therapies Through Sensorimotor Technologies.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- The endocannabinoid system as a putative target for the development of novel drugs for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses.Psychological medicine · 2023Review
- Review
- A proof-of-concept randomized crossover clinical trial of a first-in-class vasopressin 1a receptor antagonist for PTSD: Design, methods, and recruitment.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2023Article
- Alleviating anxiety and taming trauma: Novel pharmacotherapeutics for anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder.Neuropharmacology · 2023Review
- Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Blockade Prevents Anti-Depressive-like Effect of Cannabidiol Acid Methyl Ester in Female WKY Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Understanding Human Fear Extinction: Insights from Psychophysiology.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a significant public health issue. Yet, there are limited treatment options and no data to suggest which treatment will work for whom. We tested the efficacy of virtual reality exposure (VRE) or prolonged imaginal exposure (PE), augmented with D-cycloserine (DCS) for combat-related PTSD. As an exploratory aim, we examined whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) moderated treatment response. Military personnel with PTSD (n = 192) were recruited into a multisite double-blind randomized controlled trial to receive nine weeks of VRE or PE, with DCS or placebo. Primary outcome was the improvement in symptom severity. Randomization was stratified by comorbid depression (MDD) and site. Participants in both VRE and PE showed similar meaningful clinical improvement with no difference between the treatment groups. A significant interaction (p = 0.45) suggested VRE was more effective for depressed participants (CAPS difference M = 3.51 [95% CI 1.17-5.86], p = 0.004, ES = 0.14) while PE was more effective for nondepressed participants (M = -8.87 [95% CI -11.33 to -6.40], p < 0.001, ES = -0.44). The main effect of DCS vs. placebo was not significant. Augmentation by MDD interaction (p = 0.073) suggested that depressed participants improved more on placebo (M = -8.43 [95% CI -10.98 to -5.88], p < 0.001, ES = -0.42); DCS and placebo were equally effective for nondepressed participants. There was an apparent moderating effect of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on DCS augmentation (ES = 0.67). Met66 allele carriers improved more on DCS (ES = -0.25). FAAH 385 A carriers improved more than non-carriers (ES = 0.33), particularly those with MDD (ES = 0.62). This study provides a step toward precision therapeutics for PTSD by demonstrating that comorbid MDD and genetic markers may help guide treatment selection.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01352637.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.