ReviewVaccines2022
Considerations for Novel COVID-19 Mucosal Vaccine Development.
Review in Vaccines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- BAFF as a Key Modulator of Respiratory Mucosal B Cell Immunity in Viral Infection and Mucosal Vaccination.Cells · 2026Review
- Review
- Respiratory epithelial cells as central mediators of immune crosstalk in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- CXCL13 and IL-33 as Immunomodulatory Adjuvants Combined with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion (RSV F) Protein to Enhance Mucosal RSV Vaccination.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Article
- Novel vaccine strategies to induce respiratory mucosal immunity: advances and implications.MedComm · 2025Review
- Oral Immunisation With Non-GMO Surface Displayed SARS-CoV-2 Spike Epitopes on Bacteria-Like Particles Provokes Robust Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses, and Modulated the Gut Microbiome in Mice.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- MERS-CoV Infection and Its Impact on the Expression of TSLP Cytokine and IgG Antibodies: An In Vivo and In Vitro Study.Infection and drug resistance · 2024Article
- Mucosal immunity in COVID-19: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Mucosal response of inactivated and recombinant COVID-19 vaccines in Congolese individuals.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Article
- The role of cross-reactive immunity to emerging coronaviruses: Implications for novel universal mucosal vaccine design.Saudi medical journal · 2023Review
- Alterations in the gut microbiome and its metabolites are associated with the immune response to mucosal immunization withFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- An Algae-Made RBD from SARS-CoV-2 Is Immunogenic in Mice.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Role and Limits of COVID-19 Vaccines in the Delicate Transition from Pandemic Mitigation to Endemic Control.Vaccines · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the first contact sites of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most SARS-CoV-2 vaccines induce specific IgG responses but provide limited mucosal immunity. Cytokine B-cell activation factor (BAFF) and A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily play key immunological functions during B cell development and antibody production. Furthermore, homeostatic chemokines, such as C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19), and CCL21, can induce B- and T-cell responses to infection and promote the formation of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (iBALT), where specific local immune responses and memory cells are generated. We reviewed the role of BAFF, APRIL, CXCL13, CCL19, and CCL21 in the activation of local B-cell responses and antibody production, and the formation of iBALT in the lung following viral respiratory infections. We speculate that mucosal vaccines may offer more efficient protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection than systematic vaccines and hypothesize that a novel SARS-CoV-2 mRNA mucosal vaccine using BAFF/APRIL or CXCL13 as immunostimulants combined with the spike protein-encoding mRNA may enhance the efficiency of the local immune response and prevent the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 replication and the rapid viral clearance from the airways.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.