ReviewCancers2022
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy-How to Overcome Drug Resistance?
Review in Cancers, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intrathecal immune checkpoint inhibitors as adjunctive therapy for leptomeningeal disease: A case series and systematic review.Neurosurgical review · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of microbiome-modulating strategies in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy (MSIT): A systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Pooled it
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanisms, Immune Regulation, and Implications for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Safety of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Hepatitis B Virus-Positive Cancer Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Article
- Role of solute carrier transporters in the biodistribution and toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- The Dual Mechanism of Action of CO-005 Overcomes CD20 Resistance in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Article
- Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Immunotherapy as a Potential Treatment Option for Lung Cancer: A Perspective Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Advancing Lung Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review of Photodynamic Therapy and Nanoparticle Applications.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Synergy between photonics and biological approaches-A review of combination therapies for cancer theranostics.APL bioengineering · 2025Review
- Overcoming resistance mechanisms in cancer immunotherapy-novel approaches and combinations.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Challenges and perspectives of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumours: insights from gastric cancer.British journal of cancer · 2025Review
- Immune checkpoint blocking in cancer therapy using thermosensitive hydrogels: a review.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Development of a Novel Bifunctional Anti-CD47 Fusion Protein with Improved Efficacy and a Favorable Safety Profile.Molecular cancer therapeutics · 2025Article
- Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening Unveil Natural Compounds with TIM-3 Inhibitory Activity.Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences · 2025Article
- Monoclonal antibody immune therapy response instrument for stratification and cost-effective personalized approaches in 3PM-guided pan cancer management.The EPMA journal · 2025Review
- Article
- Heterogeneity and efficacy of immunotherapy in multiple cancer: insights from a meta-analysis.Biological procedures online · 2025Article
- Reprogramming the breast tumor immune microenvironment: cold-to-hot transition for enhanced immunotherapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Review
- Advancing Cancer Treatment: A Review of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Combination Strategies.Cancers · 2025Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), antagonists used to remove tumor suppression of immune cells, have been widely used in clinical settings. Their high antitumor effect makes them crucial for treating cancer after surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. However, with the advent of ICIs and their use by a large number of patients, more clinical data have gradually shown that some cancer patients still have resistance to ICI treatment, which makes some patients unable to benefit from their antitumor effect. Therefore, it is vital to understand their antitumor and drug resistance mechanisms. In this review, we focused on the antitumor action sites and mechanisms of different types of ICIs. We then listed the main possible mechanisms of ICI resistance based on recent studies. Finally, we proposed current and future solutions for the resistance of ICIs, providing theoretical support for improving their clinical antitumor effect.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.