ArticleBiomedicines2022
Differential Effects of D9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)- and Cannabidiol (CBD)-Based Cannabinoid Treatments on Macrophage Immune Function In Vitro and on Gastrointestinal Inflammation in a Murine Model.
Article in Biomedicines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Therapeutic Paradox of Endocannabinoid Immunomodulation: Molecular Mechanisms and Strategic Frameworks.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Substrate pre-stretch reprograms macrophage behavior through surface topographical remodeling.Mechanobiology in medicine · 2026Article
- Cannabidiol for Mucosal Diseases: Therapeutic Potential and Advanced Delivery Strategies.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Cannabidiol perturbs macrophage polarization by interfering with the metabolic flux and PI3K/Akt pathway.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Efficacy of non-psychotropic Cannabis sativa L. standardized extracts in a model of intestinal inflammation.Journal of cannabis research · 2025Article
- Exosome-mediated effects of BRCA1 on cardiovascular artery disease.Cell biology and toxicology · 2025Article
- Deciphering SPP1-related macrophage signaling in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration.Cell biology and toxicology · 2025Article
- Differential metabolic pathways underlie THC- and CBD-mediated inhibition of B-cell activation in both young and aged mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Modulatory Effects of "Minor" Cannabinoids in an in vitro Model of Neuronal Hypersensitivity.Journal of pain research · 2025Article
- Article
- Interaction Between Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Cannabidiol in the Gut of Chickens Applied to Different Challenge Conditions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- High-CBD Extract (CBD-X) in Asthma Management: Reducing Th2-Driven Cytokine Secretion and Neutrophil/Eosinophil Activity.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Interplay between cannabinoids and the neuroimmune system in migraine.The journal of headache and pain · 2024Review
- Article
- The Effects of Nicotine and Cannabinoids on Cytokines.Current pharmaceutical design · 2024Review
- Article
- Cannabidiol and Intestinal Motility: a Systematic Review.Current developments in nutrition · 2023Review
- Phytocannabinoids Reduce Inflammation of Primed Macrophages and Enteric Glial Cells: An In Vitro Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Cannabinoids in Medicine: A Multifaceted Exploration of Types, Therapeutic Applications, and Emerging Opportunities in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer Therapy.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Decoding the Postulated Entourage Effect of MedicinalBiomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids possess a wide range of immune regulatory properties, mediated by the endocannabinoid system. Monocyte/macrophage innate immune cells express endocannabinoid receptors. Dysregulation of macrophage function is involved in the pathogenesis of different inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. In our research, we aimed to evaluate the effects of the phytocannabinoids D9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on macrophage activation. Macrophages from young and aged C57BL/6 mice were activated in vitro in the presence of pure cannabinoids or cannabis extracts. The phenotype of the cells, nitric oxide (NO•) secretion, and cytokine secretion were examined. In addition, these treatments were administered to murine colitis model. The clinical statuses of mice, levels of colon infiltrating macrophages, and inflammatory cytokines in the blood, were evaluated. We demonstrated inhibition of macrophage NO• and cytokine secretion and significant effects on expression of cell surface molecules. In the murine model, clinical scores were improved and macrophage colon infiltration reduced following treatment. We identified higher activity of cannabis extracts as compared with pure cannabinoids. Each treatment had a unique effect on cytokine composition. Overall, our results establish that the effects of cannabinoid treatments differ. A better understanding of the reciprocal relationship between cannabinoids and immunity is essential to design targeted treatment strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.