ReviewViruses2022
Hemagglutinin Subtype Specificity and Mechanisms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Genesis.
Review in Viruses, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic and Pathogenicity Studies of Avian Influenza (H9N2) Virus Isolated from Chickens in Jiangsu Province, China, in 2025.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- District-Level Risk Mapping of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Poultry in Kazakhstan Using a Multi-Criteria Decision Model.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Oseltamivir Resistance in Human Influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) Infections: A Mini Review.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Antibody Recognition of Highly and Low-Pathogenic A/H5Nx Influenza Viruses in Sera of Mexican Donors.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- First detection of an H5N2 subtype of Influenza A virus detected in Charadrius collaris from the Brazilian Pantanal.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Polymerase trapping as the mechanism of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus genesis.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Emergence of novel highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in slender-billed gulls (Open veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis and Research Models of Acute Influenza-Associated Encephalitis/Encephalopathy: An Update.Viruses · 2026Review
- Evolution, spread and impact of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza A viruses.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Exploring the role of infectious pathogens in Alzheimer's disease neuroinflammation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Genomic similarity to quantitatively evaluate the reassortment potential of H7N9 with other subtypes of avian influenza viruses.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Genetic strategies for avian influenza resilience in poultry: from host-pathogen interaction studies to precision breeding.Functional & integrative genomics · 2025Review
- Phylogenetic and Molecular Characterization of a Novel Reassortant High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A (H7N6) Virus Detected in New Zealand Poultry.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Beyond Processing: Furin as a Central Hub in Viral Pathogenesis and Genetic Susceptibility.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- RNA replicon vaccination confers long-lasting protection against H5N1 avian influenza in 23 zoo bird species.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Epidemiological, phylogenetic, and pathogenicity analysis of H4 subtype avian influenza viruses in China, 2011-2022.Virologica Sinica · 2025Article
- Molecular and ecological determinants of mammalian adaptability in avian influenza virus.Infection · 2025Review
- Update on Ophthalmic Implications of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Understanding the landscape of cross-species transmission, epidemiology, phylogenetics, and antigenicity of HPAI strain A(H5N1) causing a recent outbreak in the USA.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAIVs) arise from low pathogenic precursors following spillover from wild waterfowl into poultry populations. The main virulence determinant of HPAIVs is the presence of a multi-basic cleavage site (MBCS) in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. The MBCS allows for HA cleavage and, consequently, activation by ubiquitous proteases, which results in systemic dissemination in terrestrial poultry. Since 1959, 51 independent MBCS acquisition events have been documented, virtually all in HA from the H5 and H7 subtypes. In the present article, data from natural LPAIV to HPAIV conversions and experimental in vitro and in vivo studies were reviewed in order to compile recent advances in understanding HA cleavage efficiency, protease usage, and MBCS acquisition mechanisms. Finally, recent hypotheses that might explain the unique predisposition of the H5 and H7 HA sequences to obtain an MBCS in nature are discussed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.