ArticleViruses2022
Antiviral Effect of hBD-3 and LL-37 during Human Primary Keratinocyte Infection with West Nile Virus.
Article in Viruses, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- A hedgehog cathelicidin-derived peptide exhibits antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial peptides for anticancer and antiviral therapy: last promising update.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Antimicrobial Peptides Against Arboviruses: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Directions.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Review
- Update on antimicrobial peptides: key elements inThe Journal of general virology · 2025Review
- Characterization of Tissue Immunity Defense Factors of the Lip in Primary Dentition Children with Bilateral Cleft Lip Palate.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Skin tropism during Usutu virus and West Nile virus infection: an amplifying and immunological role.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Cathelicidin CATH-B1 Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Infection via Direct Interaction and TLR4/JNK/IRF3-Mediated Interferon Activation.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Evaluation of human β‑defensins in the cerebrospinal fluid of suspected meningitis.Biomedical reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging flavivirus transmitted through mosquito bites and responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations. Following their inoculation within the skin, flaviviruses replicate in keratinocytes of the epidermis, inducing an innate immune response including the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Among them, the cathelicidin LL-37 and the human beta-defensin (hBD)-3 are known for their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. We assessed their role during WNV infection of human primary keratinocytes. LL-37 reduced the viral load in the supernatant of infected keratinocytes and of the titer of a viral inoculum incubated in the presence of the peptide, suggesting a direct antiviral effect of this AMP. Conversely, WNV replication was not inhibited by hBD-3. The two peptides then demonstrated immunomodulatory properties whether in the context of keratinocyte stimulation by poly(I:C) or infection by WNV, but not alone. This study demonstrates the immunostimulatory properties of these two skin AMPs at the initial site of WNV replication and the ability of LL-37 to directly inactivate West Nile viral infectious particles. The results provide new information on the multiple functions of these two peptides and underline the potential of AMPs as new antiviral strategies in the fight against flaviviral infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.