ArticleVaccines2022
The Association between Childhood Immunization and Gender Inequality: A Multi-Country Ecological Analysis of Zero-Dose DTP Prevalence and DTP3 Immunization Coverage.
Article in Vaccines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advancing Inequality Monitoring in Immunization: Reflecting on 10 Years of WHO Contributions.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Gender-Associated Factors on the Occurrence and Prevalence of Zero-Dose Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Literature Review.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Review
- Designing for Equity: An Evaluation Framework to Assess Zero-Dose Reduction Efforts in Southern Madagascar.Vaccines · 2025Article
- The economics of investing in women and health.Nature medicine · 2025Review
- Multiple deprivations as drivers of suboptimal basic child vaccination in Latin America and the Caribbean: cross-sectional analysis of household survey data for 18,136 children across 211 regions in 15 countries.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Article
- Recording vaccine doses administered: A global analysis of tally sheet design for infant and child immunizations.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic-related inequities in child immunization: horizontal and vertical dimensions for policy insights.Health economics review · 2024Article
- Risk factors of diphtheria outbreak in damt district of Al Dhalea Governorate, 2023 -Yemen: a case-control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Of Money and Men: A Scoping Review to Map Gender Barriers to Immunization Coverage in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Vaccines · 2024Article
- High prevalence of zero-dose children in underserved and special setting populations in Ethiopia using a generalize estimating equation and concentration index analysis.BMC public health · 2024Article
- In-depth reasons for the high proportion of zero-dose children in underserved populations of Ethiopia: Results from a qualitative study.Vaccine: X · 2024Article
- Mapping changes in the utilization of childhood immunization over 5 years in a south Indian tertiary care hospital.Therapeutic advances in vaccines and immunotherapy · 2024Article
- Impact of gender-biased parental perceptions on under-immunization in Eastern Sudan: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in global women's health · 2024Article
- The Importance of Gender-Sensitive Health Care in the Context of Pain, Emergency and Vaccination: A Narrative Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- Article
- Article
- Cardiac arrest associated with non-toxigenicFrontiers in medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This study explores the association between childhood immunization and gender inequality at the national level. Data for the study include annual country-level estimates of immunization among children aged 12-23 months, indicators of gender inequality, and associated factors for up to 165 countries from 2010-2019. The study examined the association between gender inequality, as measured by the gender development index and the gender inequality index, and two key outcomes: prevalence of children who received no doses of the DTP vaccine (zero-dose children) and children who received the third dose of the DTP vaccine (DTP3 coverage). Unadjusted and adjusted fractional logit regression models were used to identify the association between immunization and gender inequality. Gender inequality, as measured by the Gender Development Index, was positively and significantly associated with the proportion of zero-dose children (high inequality AOR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.13-2.30). Consistently, full DTP3 immunization was negatively and significantly associated with gender inequality (high inequality AOR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.46-0.86). These associations were robust to the use of an alternative gender inequality measure (the Gender Inequality Index) and were consistent across a range of model specifications controlling for demographic, economic, education, and health-related factors. Gender inequality at the national level is predictive of childhood immunization coverage, highlighting that addressing gender barriers is imperative to achieve universal coverage in immunization and to ensure that no child is left behind in routine vaccination.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.