ArticlePharmaceutics2022
Retinal Delivery of the Protein Kinase C-β Inhibitor Ruboxistaurin Using Non-Invasive Nanoparticles of Polyamidoamine Dendrimers.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emerging innovations in ophthalmic drug delivery for diabetic retinopathy: a translational perspective.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- The antibacterial effectiveness of fourth-generation poly-amidoamine dendrimers-loaded with amoxicillin in combating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Advances in nanomedicine-based retinal drug delivery: mechanisms and translational applications.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Polymeric nanocarriers in drug delivery, bioimaging, and biosensing: advances and perspectives on nanomicelles, nanogels, and dendrimers.RSC advances · 2025Review
- Review
- Chitosan as a promising materials for the construction of nanocarriers for diabetic retinopathy: an updated review.Journal of biological engineering · 2024Review
- Biomaterial Drug Delivery Systems for Prominent Ocular Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Erlotinib-Loaded Dendrimer Nanocomposites as a Targeted Lung Cancer Chemotherapy.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Determination of Ruboxistaurin analysis in rat plasma utilizing LC-MS/MS technique.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2023Article
- Role of Nanotechnology in Overcoming the Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Therapy: A Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Novel Approaches for Overcoming Biological Barriers.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Ruboxistaurin (RBX) is an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agent that is used in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy and is mainly given intravitreally. To provide a safe and effective method for RBX administration, this study was designed to develop RBX nanoparticles using polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer generation 5 for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Drug loading efficiency, and in vitro release of proposed complexes of RBX: PAMAM dendrimers were determined and the complexation ratio that showed the highest possible loading efficiency was selected. The drug loading efficiency (%) of 1:1, 2.5:1, and 5:1 complexes was 89.2%, 96.4%, and 97.6%, respectively. Loading capacities of 1:1, 2.5:1, and 5:1 complexes were 1.6%, 4.0%, and 7.2% respectively. In comparison, the 5:1 complex showed the best results in the aforementioned measurements. The in vitro release studies showed that in 8 h, the RBX release from 1:1, 2.5:1, and 5:1 complexes was 37.5%, 35.9%, and 77.0%, respectively. In particular, 5:1 complex showed the highest drug release. In addition, particle size measurements showed that the diameter of empty PAMAM dendrimers was 214.9 ± 8.5 nm, whereas the diameters of loaded PAMAM dendrimers in 1:1, 2.5:1, 5:1 complexes were found to be 461.0 ± 6.4, 482.4 ± 12.5, and 420.0 ± 7.1 nm, respectively. Polydispersity index (PDI) showed that there were no significant changes in the PDI between the free and loaded PAMAM dendrimers. The zeta potential measurements showed that the free and loaded nanoparticles possessed neutral charges due to the presence of anionic and cationic terminal structures. Furthermore, the safety of this formulation was apparent on the viability of the MIO-M1 cell lines. This nanoformulation will improve the therapeutic outcomes of anti-VEGF therapy and the bioavailability of RBX to prevent vision loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy.
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