ArticleMedicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)2022
Aqueous Humor Cytokines in Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.
Article in Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breed-specific immune regulation under endemic exposure to Leishmania infantum and other vector-borne pathogens in a native Mediterranean canine population.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- The association between glycated hemoglobin and intraocular inflammatory factors in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Article
- Exploring Molecular Signatures Associated with Inflammation and Angiogenesis in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Observational
- Article
- Effect of metformin on the level of aqueous humor inflammatory cytokines in patients with cataract.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Correlation between serum autotaxin levels and optic neuropathy in early diabetic retinopathy: a case-control study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- The influence of renal function on surgical outcomes of vitrectomy in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Aqueous-humor biomarkers and real-world efficacy of conbercept for diabetic macular edema: a prospective study in elderly patients.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Efficacy comparison of multipoint and single point scanning panretinal laser photocoagulation in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy treatment.World journal of diabetes · 2024Article
- Biochemical Changes in Anterior Chamber of the Eye in Diabetic Patients-A Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Parallelism and non-parallelism in diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- High VEGF Concentrations Accelerate Human Trabecular Meshwork Fibrosis in a TAZ-Dependent Manner.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The Correlation between Waist Circumference and the Pro-Inflammatory Adipokines in Diabetic Retinopathy of Type 2 Diabetes Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Difference in aqueous concentration and vitreous mass of cytokines in high myopias with and without choroidal neovascularization.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cytokines are cell-signaling proteins whose identification may serve as inflammatory markers or early indicators for progressive disease. The aim of our study was to quantify several cytokines in aqueous humor (AH) and their correlations with biochemical parameters in diabetic eyes with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). Materials and Methods: A total of 62 eyes from 62 patients were included in the study: 37 eyes from nondiabetic patients (group 1), 13 diabetic eyes with no retinopathy changes (group 2) and 12 diabetic eyes with early and moderate NPDR (group 3). AH samples were collected during uneventful cataract surgery. The cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IP-10, MCP-1, TNF-α and VEGF were quantified using multiplex bead-based immunoassay. Due to unreliable results, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-12 were excluded. Concentrations were compared between groups. Biochemical parameters (fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, C-reactive protein) and the duration of diabetes were recorded. Results: VEGF levels were significantly different between groups (p = 0.001), while levels of IL-6, IL-8, IP-10 and MCP-1 were comparable across all groups (p > 0.05). IL-6 concentration correlated with VEGF in group 1 (rho = 0.651, p = 0.003) and group 3 (rho = 0.857, p = 0.007); no correlation could be proved between IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1 or VEGF and biochemical parameters. Duration of diabetes was not correlated with the cytokine levels in groups 2 and 3. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that VEGF concentrations could discriminate early and moderate NPDR from diabetes, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.897 (p = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.74−1.0). Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus induces significant intraocular changes in the VEGF expression in diabetic patients vs. normal subjects, even before proliferative complications appear. VEGF was increasingly expressed once the diabetes progressed from no retinopathy to early or moderate retinopathy.
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