ReviewBiomedicines2022
Innate and Adaptive Responses of Intratumoral Immunotherapy with Endosomal Toll-Like Receptor Agonists.
Review in Biomedicines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- The cGAS-STING pathway: mechanistic basis, dual biological functions and translational therapeutic advances.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Review
- Precision engineering of macrophage reprogramming with RNA interference-loaded lipid nanoparticles: a game-changer in cancer immunotherapy.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- From Immunobiology to Clinical Application: Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Melanoma.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- The tumor microenvironment as a key regulator of radiotherapy response.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Research Progress of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Prostate Cancer.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- In vitro characterization of cellular responses elicited by endosomal TLR agonists encapsulated in Qβ virus-like particles.BMC immunology · 2025Article
- Involvement of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanisms.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Review
- Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages using STING or TLR agonists: a promising strategy to enhance immunotherapy in hormone-dependent cancers.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Review
- Intratumoral injection of R848 and poly(I:C) synergistically promoted antitumor immune responses by reprogramming macrophage polarization and activating DCs in lung cancer.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- Radiotherapy Combined with Intralesional Immunostimulatory Agents for Soft Tissue Sarcomas.Seminars in radiation oncology · 2024Review
- Exploration of the Delivery of Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus by Gelatin Methacryloyl Microneedles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Immunotherapeutic Agents for Intratumoral Immunotherapy.Vaccines · 2023Review
- The Dual Role of the Innate Immune System in the Effectiveness of mRNA Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Anti-EGFR bioengineered bacterial outer membrane vesicles as targeted immunotherapy candidate in triple-negative breast tumor murine model.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Polymeric nanocapsules loaded with poly(I:C) and resiquimod to reprogram tumor-associated macrophages for the treatment of solid tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The Latest Approach of Immunotherapy with Endosomal TLR Agonists Improving NK Cell Function: An Overview.Biomedicines · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are natural initial triggers of innate and adaptive immune responses. With the advent of cancer immunotherapy, nucleic acids engineered as ligands of endosomal TLRs have been investigated for the treatment of solid tumors. Despite promising results, their systemic administration, similarly to other immunotherapies, raises safety issues. To overcome these problems, recent studies have applied the direct injection of endosomal TLR agonists in the tumor and/or draining lymph nodes, achieving high local drug exposure and strong antitumor response. Importantly, intratumoral delivery of TLR agonists showed powerful effects not only against the injected tumors but also often against uninjected lesions (abscopal effects), resulting in some cases in cure and antitumoral immunological memory. Herein, we describe the structure and function of TLRs and their role in the tumor microenvironment. Then, we provide our vision on the potential of intratumor versus systemic delivery or vaccination approaches using TLR agonists, also considering the use of nanoparticles to improve their targeting properties. Finally, we collect the preclinical and clinical studies applying intratumoral injection of TLR agonists as monotherapies or in combination with: (a) other TLR or STING agonists; (b) other immunotherapies; (c) radiotherapy or chemotherapy; (d) targeted therapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.