ArticlePsychonomic bulletin & review2023
The transposed-word effect does not require parallel word processing: Failure to notice transpositions with serial presentation of words.
Article in Psychonomic bulletin & review, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Word Trigram Frequency Predicts Failure to Detect Word Transpositions: Implications for Rational Inference in Reading.Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science · 2026Article
- Effects of aging on word position encoding in Chinese reading.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Flexible word position coding in reading: Roles for attention and memory.Memory & cognition · 2025Article
- The Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing during At-a-Glance Reading.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
- Do Love You Me? Failure to Notice Word Transpositions is Induced by Parallel Word Processing.Journal of cognition · 2024Article
- Letters, Words, Sentences, and Reading.Journal of cognition · 2024Review
- The transposed-word effect provides no unequivocal evidence for parallel processing.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2023Article
- The transposed word effect is consistent with serial word recognition and varies with reading speed.Cognition · 2023Article
- Transposed-word effects when reading serially.PloS one · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
Readers sometimes fail to notice word transposition errors, reporting a sentence with two transposed words to be grammatical (the transposed-word effect). It has been suggested that this effect implicates parallel word processing during sentence reading. The current study directly assessed the role of parallel word processing in failure to notice word transposition errors, by comparing error detection under normal sentence presentation conditions and when words are presented serially at 250 ms/word. Extending recent results obtained with serial presentation of Chinese sentences (Liu, Li, Cutter, Paterson, & Wang, Cognition 218: 104922, 2022), in Experiment 1 we found a transposed-word effect with serial presentation of English sentences. In Experiment 2, we replicated this finding with task instructions that allowed responding at any time during the presentation of the sentence; this result indicates that the transposed-word effect that appears with serial word presentation is not due to a late process of reconstruction of short-term memory. Thus, parallel word processing is not necessary for a transposed-word effect in English. Like Liu et al. (2022), we did find that the transposed-word effect was statistically larger with parallel presentation than with serial presentation; we consider several explanations as to why this is so.
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