ArticleClinical and experimental pediatrics2023
Not breastfeeding and risk of autism spectrum disorders among children: a meta-analysis.
Article in Clinical and experimental pediatrics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prenatal maternal psychological distress and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in offspring: results from a meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Associations of breastfeeding with maternal and child health outcomes: umbrella review.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- A risk prediction model for autism spectrum disorder integrating biopsychosocial factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis with multicenter validation.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Early breastfeeding as protective factor for preschool emotional and behavioral health.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- The Psychometric Properties of the Iranian Version of Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) Questionnaire in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Impact of Breastfeeding Practices on Autistic Traits in Chinese Children Aged from 3 to 4 Years: Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Pre and perinatal predictors on autism spectrum disorders: a case-control study in the west of Iran.Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology · 2024Article
- Associations between Delayed Introduction of Complementary Foods and Childhood Health Consequences in Exclusively Breastfed Children.Nutrients · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of the association of not breastfeeding and the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on observational studies. PURPOSE: This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate of the association of not breastfeeding and the risk of ASD.
methodsThree databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) were systematically searched until December 2021. Heterogeneity was determined using the chi-square test and its quantity was measured using the I2 statistic. The Begg line regression test was used to assess publication bias. A random-effects model was used to analyze the data. Seven studies were included in this meta-analysis.
resultsThe total study population included 3,270 individuals. According to the random-effects model, the estimated odds ratio of the risk of ASD associated with not breastfeeding was 1.81 (95% confidence interval, 1.35-2.27; I2=0%).
conclusionThe results of the included studies were homogeneous. Our findings showed that not breastfeeding is a risk factor for ASD. These results suggest the importance of breastfeeding in decreasing the risk of ASD in children.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.