ArticleJournal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics2023
Tap Water Avoidance Is Associated with Lower Food Security in the United States: Evidence from NHANES 2005-2018.
Article in Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Addressing the Impacts of Water Insecurity on Infant Feeding: Policy Solutions for the US.Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Article
- A lack of clean drinking water is associated with lacking food and experiencing food safety threats in 121 countries across the globe.Nature food · 2026Article
- Associations Between Perceived Tap Water Safety and Dietary Outcomes Among US Adults.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2026Article
- Water and nutrition in a rapidly changing world: Introduction to the special issue.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2026Article
- The Intersection of Tap Water Avoidance, Food Insecurity, and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Among U.S. Children and Adolescents Aged 2-17 Years.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- The Water Insecurity Experiences (WISE) Scales are suitable for use in high-income settings: findings from cognitive interviews and nationally representative surveys.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Characterizing Water Insecurity Among US College Students: Prevalence, Scope and Linkages With Food Insecurity.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- The Water Insecurity Experiences (WISE) Scales are suitable for use in high-income settings: findings from cognitive interviews and nationally representative surveys.Research square · 2025Article
- Interacting Water Insecurity and Food Insecurity: Recent Advances in Theory and Application.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- Water insecurity may exacerbate food insecurity even in water-rich environments: Evidence from the Bolivian Amazon.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Trends and disparities in concurrent tap water avoidance and household food insecurity among US children.Nature water · 2024Article
- Water Insecurity Is a Structural, Often Invisible Barrier to Healthy Beverage Patterns and Nutritious Diets.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Tap water perceptions and water filter use vary with socio-demographic characteristics and are associated with water and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in university students.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- Where Was Climate Change at the White House Conference on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health?American journal of public health · 2023Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFood insecurity has profound nutritional and public health consequences. Water insecurity may exacerbate food insecurity, yet little is known about the association between water and food insecurity in the United States or other high-income countries.
objectiveThis study aimed to estimate how tap water avoidance, a proxy of water insecurity, covaries with food insecurity; examine how the probability of food insecurity changed by tap water avoidance between 2005 and 2018; and test how the association between tap water avoidance and food insecurity differed across income and housing statuses.
designThis was a secondary analysis of the cross-sectional 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PARTICIPANTS/
settingParticipants were 31,390 US adults 20 years and older.
main outcome measuresThe main outcome was food insecurity, using the US Food Security Survey Module. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Adjusted logistic regression models estimated how tap water avoidance was associated with the odds of food insecurity. Predicted probabilities of food insecurity over time and by income and housing status were plotted using marginal standardization.
resultsAdults who avoided tap water had 21% higher odds (95% CI 1.09 to 1.34) of food insecurity compared with those who drank tap water. The probability of any food insecurity doubled between 2005-2006 and 2017-2018 and was consistently higher for tap water avoiders. Food insecurity decreased across both tap water drinkers and avoiders as income increased, but was higher among tap water avoiders at all income levels. Likewise, food insecurity was higher among renters than among homeowners but was higher among tap water avoiders in both housing groups.
conclusionsTap water avoidance is positively associated with food insecurity in the United States, and both insecurities have increased over time. Efforts to mitigate food insecurity should simultaneously address water insecurity issues, including tap water availability and quality, as these may be a modifiable contributors to food insecurity.
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Registered trials
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