Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35871000›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2022

Associations between child and adolescent marriage and reproductive outcomes in Brazil, Ecuador, the United States and Canada.

Marcelo Luis Urquia, Rosangela Batista, Carlos Grandi, Viviane Cunha Cardoso, Fadya Orozco, Andrée-Anne Fafard St Germain

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
2.3field-weighted citation impact, top 12% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 6 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Early Marriage, Preterm Birth, and School Dropout: An Intergenerational Cycle of Risk?American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025
    Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.

Marcelo Luis UrquiaDepartment of Community Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. marcelo.urquia@umanitoba.ca.
Rosangela BatistaDepartment of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, do Maranhão, Brazil.
Carlos GrandiRibeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
Viviane Cunha CardosoRibeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
Fadya OrozcoUniversidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.
Andrée-Anne Fafard St GermainDepartment of Community Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
Universidade de São Paulo · BRManitoba Health · CAUniversidade Federal do Maranhão · BRUniversidad San Francisco de Quito · ECUniversity of Manitoba · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAlthough marriage is associated with favourable reproductive outcomes among adult women, it is not known whether the marriage advantage applies to girls (< 18 years). The contribution of girl child marriage (< 18 years) to perinatal health is understudied in the Americas.

methodsNational singleton birth registrations were used to estimate the prevalence of girl child marriage among mothers in Brazil (2011-2018, N = 23,117,661), Ecuador (2014-2018, N = 1,519,168), the USA (2014-2018, N = 18,618,283) and Canada (2008-2018, N = 3,907,610). The joint associations between marital status and maternal age groups (< 18, 18-19 and 20-24 years) with preterm birth (< 37 weeks), small-for-gestational age (SGA < 10 percentile) and repeat birth were assessed with logistic regression.

resultsThe proportion of births to < 18-year-old mothers was 9.9% in Ecuador, 8.9% in Brazil, 1.5% in the United States and 0.9% in Canada, and marriage prevalence among < 18-year-old mothers was 3.0%, 4.8%, 3.7% and 1.7%, respectively. In fully-adjusted models, marriage was associated with lower odds of preterm birth and SGA among 20-24-year-old mothers in the four countries. Compared to unmarried 20-24-year-old women, married and unmarried < 18-year-old girls had higher odds of preterm birth in the four countries, and slightly higher odds of SGA in Brazil and Ecuador but not in the USA and Canada. In comparisons within age groups, the odds of repeat birth among < 18-year-old married mothers exceeded that of their unmarried counterparts in Ecuador [AOR: 1.99, 95%CI: 1.82, 2.18], the USA [AOR: 2.96, 95%CI: 2.79, 3.14], and Canada [AOR: 2.17, 95%CI: 1.67, 2.82], although minimally in Brazil [AOR: 1.09, 95%CI: 1.07, 1.11].

conclusionsThe prevalence of births to < 18-year-old mothers varies considerably in the Americas. Girl child marriage was differentially associated with perinatal health indicators across countries, suggesting context-specific mechanisms.

Indexed as

MarriagePremature BirthAdolescentAdultBrazilCanadaChildEcuadorFemaleHumansInfant, NewbornMothersPregnancyPregnancy OutcomeUnited StatesYoung AdultAdolescent pregnancyBrazilCanadaChild marriageEcuadorFertilityLow birthweightMarital statusPreterm birthUnited States

Identifiers

PMID35871000
PMCPMC9308908
OpenAlexW4286779779

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.