ArticleJournal of forensic sciences2022
Prone restraint cardiac arrest in in-custody and arrest-related deaths.
Article in Journal of forensic sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incidents of sudden death during restraint of agitated individuals in Sweden between 1992 and 2024.Journal of forensic sciences · 2026Article
- Injury rates following conducted electrical weapons and other less-lethal force modalities in real-life police settings: a comparative literature review.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2025Review
- Mortality Classification for Deaths With Nonfirearm Force by Police, 2012-2021.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Scrutinizing the causal link between excited delirium syndrome and restraint: a commentary on 'The role of restraint in fatal excited delirium: a research synthesis and pooled analysis' by E.M.F. Strömmer, W. Leith, M.P. Zeegers, and M.D. Freeman.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2023Article
- Prone restraint cardiac arrest in in-custody and arrest-related deaths.Journal of forensic sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We postulate that most atraumatic deaths during police restraint of subjects in the prone position are due to prone restraint cardiac arrest (PRCA), rather than from restraint asphyxia or a stress-induced cardiac condition, such as excited delirium. The prone position restricts ventilation and diminishes pulmonary perfusion. In the setting of a police encounter, metabolic demand will be high from anxiety, stress, excitement, physical struggle, and/or stimulant drugs, leading to metabolic acidosis and requiring significant hyperventilation. Although oxygen levels may be maintained, prolonged restraint in the prone position may result in an inability to adequately blow off CO
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.