ArticleBMC public health2022
Cervical spine injuries occurring at the beach: epidemiology, mechanism of injury and risk factors.
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Injuries caused to others by recreational surfers in Australia.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2026Article
- A climate sensitive-health risk: A scoping review of environmental determinants of aquatic injury and mortality.BMC public health · 2026Article
- From mat to sand: a comparative injury surveillance study of Olympic and Beach Wrestling at the 2025 World championships.Injury epidemiology · 2026Article
- Spinal fractures associated with aquatic accidents.Journal of orthopaedics · 2025Article
- Overview of Cervical Spine Injuries Caused by Diving Into Shallow Water on Jeju Island: A 9-Year Retrospective Study in a Regional Trauma Center.Korean journal of neurotrauma · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveSurf zone injuries include cervical spine injuries (CSI). Risk factors for CSI have not been extensively investigated. The objective was to examine risk factors associated with diagnosed CSI that occurred in a beach setting.
methodsThis retrospective case series used manually linked data from Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service Emergency Departments, Queensland Ambulance Service, Surf Life Saving Queensland (SLSQ), and Bureau of Meteorology data from 01/01/2015-21/04/2021. Variables included victim demographics, mechanism of injury, scene information, and patient course.
resultsSeventy-nine of the 574 (13.8%) confirmed CSI occurred at the beach. Local residents and visitors were injured equally. Females represented a minority (12.7%) of those diagnosed with CSI but were a higher proportion of suspected spinal incidents reported to SLSQ (45%). Surfers were more likely to be injured through shallow water diving than swimmers (27.6% vs 2.2%). Females were more likely to be injured by shallow water diving than males (30.0% vs 8.7%). Visitors were more likely to be injured swimming and local residents surfing (68.2% vs 77.8% respectively). CSI occurred most commonly (40.0%) with a below average ocean wave height (0.75-1.25 m) and were most likely (45.3%) to occur in the second half of the outgoing tide. One beach had a statistically significant greater incidence of spinal incidents (OR 3.9, 95% CI: 2.1-7.2) and of CSI (OR 10.7, 95% CI: 1.5-79.5).
conclusionsRisk factors for CSI at the beach include male sex, smaller wave height and an outgoing tide. Shallow water diving among surfers and females should be addressed urgently.
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