ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
GM-CSF: A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer Immunotherapy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 173 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
173 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 243 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative evidence on the independent contribution of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to anti-GD2 immunotherapy in neuroblastoma: a systematic review and gap analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Immunological Activity of Vaccine Systems Containing Liposomal Nanocarriers against Protozoan-induced Diseases: A Systematic Review.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Pooled it
- Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a predictive biomarker for hyperprogressive disease mediated by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Growth factor applications and clinical translation: advances and challenges.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Recent developments in cancer immuno-interception strategies.Trends in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Deciphering the regulatory role of ADAM8 in the PDAC tumor microenvironment.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- The landscape of genitourinary cancer vaccines: clinical advances and future opportunities.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Innate Immune Cells in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Roles in Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Responses.Cancer innovation · 2026Review
- GM-CSF downregulates type I IFN responses in glioblastoma-associated monocytes.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Host-directed immune therapies: a second front in the battle against sepsis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals immune-peritubular myoid cell crosstalk driving testicular interstitial fibrosis in idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia.Cell & bioscience · 2026Article
- Beyond suppression: the paradox of JAK inhibitors as amplifiers of cancer immunotherapy.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Anti-Epileptic Drug Lacosamide on Mammalian Macrophages.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026Article
- Interstitial and recruited macrophages prevent tuberculosis relapse by limiting immune evasion.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- The metabolic plasticity of cancer stem cells: bidirectional crosstalk with organ-resident cells.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Epitranscriptomic silencing of the ZC3H13/mJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Article
- LA-GM-CSF, a Long-Acting Cytokine Mitigates and Prevents H-ARS Mediated Lethality in Mice Exposed to Total Body Gamma Radiation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle Strategies for Bone Metastasis Immunotherapy: Targeting, Immune Reprogramming and Combination Therapy.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Computational Design of an mRNA Vaccine Targeting LRP6 for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Understanding the dual role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the lung cancer tumor microenvironment and its therapeutic implications.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Review
113 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine that drives the generation of myeloid cell subsets including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in response to stress, infections, and cancers. By modulating the functions of innate immune cells that serve as a bridge to activate adaptive immune responses, GM-CSF globally impacts host immune surveillance under pathologic conditions. As with other soluble mediators of immunity, too much or too little GM-CSF has been found to promote cancer aggressiveness. While too little GM-CSF prevents the appropriate production of innate immune cells and subsequent activation of adaptive anti-cancer immune responses, too much of GM-CSF can exhaust immune cells and promote cancer growth. The consequences of GM-CSF signaling in cancer progression are a function of the levels of GM-CSF, the cancer type, and the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we first discuss the secretion of GM-CSF, signaling downstream of the GM-CSF receptor, and GM-CSF's role in modulating myeloid cell homeostasis. We then outline GM-CSF's anti-tumorigenic and pro-tumorigenic effects both on the malignant cells and on the non-malignant immune and other cells in the tumor microenvironment. We provide examples of current clinical and preclinical strategies that harness GM-CSF's anti-cancer potential while minimizing its deleterious effects. We describe the challenges in achieving the Goldilocks effect during administration of GM-CSF-based therapies to patients with cancer. Finally, we provide insights into how technologies that map the immune microenvironment spatially and temporally may be leveraged to intelligently harness GM-CSF for treatment of malignancies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.