ArticleBMJ open2022
Risk factors and consequences of traumatic brain injury in a Swiss male population cohort.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05713630 (TRACE STUDY), which is not on this map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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TRACE STUDY: A Randomized Controlled Trial Using Tranexamic Acid in the Treatment of Subdural Hematoma
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- The incidence and risk factors for incarceration for violence after traumatic brain injury.Health & justice · 2026Article
- Subjective cognitive change in healthy community-based young and midlife adults: a comparison to those with mild traumatic brain injury.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Exploring the Role of Alpha Lipoic Acid in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury: Pathways and Perspectives.Neurocritical care · 2026Review
- Causal Relationship Between Depression and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury and Their Relevance in Clinical Settings.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Review
- Traumatic brain injury and anger proneness: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Mechanisms Underlying Hazardous Alcohol Use After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.Alcohol research : current reviews · 2025Review
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of Epilepsy Among the Adult Saudi Population: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- Association Between Lifetime Sexual Violence and Recent Traumatic Brain Injury Among Adults: 2017 Connecticut Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the risk factors for and the consequences (ie, substance use disorders (SUD), depression, personality traits) of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in young Swiss men.
designThis is a three-wave cohort study. Risk factors were measured at baseline (2010-2012) and at follow-up 1 (FU1; 2012-2014), while the consequences and TBI were measured at follow-up 2 (FU2; 2016-2018).
settingSwitzerland.
participantsAll participants at FU2 (Mage=25.43, SD=1.25) of the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (N=4881 young Swiss men after listwise deletion). MEASURES: The outcomes measured were TBI, SUD (ie, alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, other illicit drugs), depression and personality traits (ie, sensation seeking, anxiety-neuroticism, sociability, aggression-hostility) at FU2. The predictors were previous TBI (lifetime TBI but not in the past 12 months at FU2), SUD, personality traits and sociodemographics (highest level of achieved education, age, linguistic region) measured at FU1.
resultsAt FU2, 3919 (80.3%) participants reported to never have had TBI, 102 (2.1%) have had TBI in the last 12 months (TBI new cases), and 860 (17.6%) have had TBI during their lifetime but not in the 12 months preceding FU2 (previous TBI). Low educational attainment (OR=3.93, 95% CI 2.10 to 7.36), depression (OR=2.87, 95% CI 1.35 to 6.11), nicotine dependence (OR=1.72, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.71), high sociability (OR=1.18, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.30), high aggression-hostility (OR=1.15, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.26) and high sensation seeking (OR=1.33, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.68) at FU1 were significantly associated with TBI new cases at FU2. Previous TBI was significantly associated with nicotine dependence (OR=1.46, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.83), depression (OR=2.16, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.99) and aggression-hostility (B=0.14, 95% CI >0.00 to 0.28) at FU2.
conclusionLow educational attainment and depression are the most significant risk factors associated with increased odds of future TBI, while depression, nicotine dependence and high aggression-hostility are the main consequences of previous TBI. TBI should be considered an underlying factor in the treatment of depression, SUD or unfavourable personality profiles.
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