SynthesisHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2022
Waning rate of immunity and duration of protective immunity against diphtheria toxoid as a function of age and number of doses: Systematic review and quantitative data analysis.
Synthesis in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Waning immunity and the future of booster vaccination strategies in global vaccine programs post COVID-19.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- CLINICO-Demographic Profile and Outcomes of Hospitalised Children With Diphtheria in A Tertiary Care Hospital of Peshawar.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Article
- Article
- An integrative approach for studying immunological variation in an aging population - The Milieu Intérieur follow-up study.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Diphtheria seroprotection among Indonesian children: Community Health Surveys Riskesdas 2007, 2013 and 2018.PloS one · 2026Article
- Pertussis in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Resurgence, Diagnosis, and Management.Infection & chemotherapy · 2025Review
- Article
- Emerging novel methodologies to understand and strategically target long-lived plasma cells in vaccine design to induce durable immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Seroprevalence of anti-diphtheria toxoid antibody and implications for vaccination policy in Vietnam's South-central coast: a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- High-Throughput IgG Epitope Mapping of Tetanus Neurotoxin: Implications for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Design.Toxins · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although the burden of diphtheria has declined greatly since the introduction of vaccines, sporadic outbreaks continue to be reported. WHO recommends booster doses after a primary series, but questions remain about the optimal interval between these doses. We conducted a systematic review and quantitative data analysis to quantify the duration of protective immunity after different numbers of doses. Fifteen cross-sectional seroprevalence studies provided data on geometric mean concentration (GMC). Single-year age-stratified GMCs were analyzed using a mixed-effect linear regression model with a random intercept incorporating the between-country variability. GMC was estimated to decline to 0.1 IU/ml in 2.5 years (95% CI: 0.9-4.0), 10.3 years (95% CI: 7.1-13.6), and 25.1 years (95% CI: 7.6-42.6) after receiving three, four and five doses, respectively. The results drawn from cross-sectional data collected in countries with different epidemiologies, vaccines, and schedules had several limitations. However, these analyses contribute to the discussion of optimal timing between booster doses of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine.
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Registered trials
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