ArticleVaccine: X2022
Vaccine hesitancy and cognitive biases: Evidence for tailored communication with parents.
Article in Vaccine: X, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review on parental vaccine hesitancy for childhood immunizations in the European region: Can findings be generalized?Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Pooled it
- Vaccine hesitancy in context of COVID-19 in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among Italian parents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- An experimental study on the effects of electronic medicinal product information on vaccine hesitancy.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- From Confidence to Coverage: A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective on Vaccination in Central and Eastern Europe.Vaccines · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and Barriers to Vaccination: Comparing Perceptions Based on Vaccination Status.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Behavioral and social drivers of rotavirus vaccine uptake in a rural ethnic minority population in Vietnam: A cross-sectional study.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Overcoming HPV Vaccine Hesitancy in Japan: A Narrative Review of Safety Evidence, Risk Communication, and Policy Approaches.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward herpes zoster (HZ) and HZ vaccination: Concept elicitation findings from a multi-country study in the Asia Pacific.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Cancer Patients' Attitudes Towards the Anti-Covid-19 Vaccine: A Collective Case Study.Reviews on recent clinical trials · 2024Article
- Assessing vaccine hesitancy and health literacy using a new Italian vaccine confidence index and a modified Italian medical term recognition test: A cross-sectional survey on Italian parents.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Determinants of Actual COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in a Cohort of Essential Workers: An Area-Based Longitudinal Study in the Province of Prato, Italy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Vaccine hesitancy (VH) remains worldwide a reason of concern. Most of the vaccination education strategies followed a "fact-based" approach, based on the assumption that decision making is a rational process, without considering the influence of cognitive biases and heuristics. Our study aimed at identifying factors involved in the parents' vaccination choice to inform and shape communication interventions. Methods: We conducted an online national survey among parents between November 2020 and April 2021. The questionnaire consisted of 42 items organised in 4 parts: (1) personal information, (2) cognitive biases and risk propension, (3) Analytic Thinking (Cognitive Reflection Test), (4) conspiracy mentality, health literacy, and VH. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify latent variables underlying the 19 items related to the 6 cognitive biases. Factors were categorised in quintiles and the corresponding pseudo-continuous variables used as predictors of the VH. Logistic regression model was applied to assess the association of the VH with factors, conspiracy mentality and risk propension. We adjusted for age, gender, economic status, and education levels. Results: The study included 939 parents, 764 women (81.4%), 69.8% had a degree or higher level of education. Considering cognitive biases, four factors explaining 54% of the total variance were identified and characterised as: fear of the side effects of vaccines (scepticism factor); carelessness of the risk and consequences of infections (denial factor); optimistic attitude (optimistic bias factor); preference for natural products (naturalness bias factor). All factors were positively associated to VH (p < 0.001) as were conspiracy mentality (p = 0.007) and risk propension (p = 0.002). Conclusions: This study confirmed the need to amplify the model used to analyse the VH considering cognitive biases as important factor affecting the parents' decision making. These results may be useful to design personalised communication interventions regarding vaccines and vaccination.
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