ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2022
Association between perinatal factors and hypospadias in newborns: a retrospective case-control study of 42,244 male infants.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic Susceptibility and Pathogenesis of Hypospadias.Biochemical genetics · 2026Review
- Genetic, Epigenetic, and Non-Genetic Factors in Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome: A Narrative Review.Genes · 2025Review
- Complications of Tubularized Incised Plate Urethroplasty and Spongioplasty Repair in Hypospadias.Cureus · 2025Article
- Performance of ultrasound in detecting fetal hypospadias during pregnancy: a pooled analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Live birth prevalence of major congenital anomalies in the United Arab Emirates.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Boys born with hypospadias and fetal growth restriction exhibit shorter anogenital distances: a retrospective cross-sectional study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Pregnancy and delivery in an advanced cancer survivor with immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced type 1 diabetes: a case report.Endocrine · 2024Article
- Molecular pathways in placental-fetal development and disruption.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2024Review
- Nongenetic Risk Factors of Severe Hypospadias: A Case-Control Study.Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric SurgeonsArticle
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6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHypospadias is one of the most common male congenital malformations worldwide. It is characterised by the abnormal positioning of the opening of urethra, and may lead to problems with urination and sexual function. Various factors were suggested to contribute to hypospadias pathogen. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between perinatal factors and neonatal hypospadias based on a large sample of male newborns.
methodsThis retrospective case-control study was conducted at the International Peace Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. Male infants with hypospadias (N = 97) and without any birth defects (N = 42,147) who were born in January 2015 to December 2019 were enrolled in this study. A statistical analysis of perinatal factors, such as maternal age, primiparity, multiple births, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), diabetes mellitus (DM), placenta previa, thyroid diseases, hepatitis B, obesity, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, gestational age, low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) was used to assess the risk factors for hypospadias.
resultsThe overall incidence of hypospadias in male infants was 0.23% (97/42,244). The univariate analysis of potential risk factors for hypospadias showed that HDP, primiparity, multiple births, hyperthyroidism, preterm delivery, LBW and SGA had a statistical association with hypospadias. After adjusting for potential confounders in a multivariate regression analysis, the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the following risk factors for hypospadias: HDP (OR: 3.965, 95% CI: 2.473-6.359, P < 0.01), multiple births (OR: 2.607, 95% CI: 1.505-4. 514, P < 0.01) and hyperthyroidism (OR:4.792, 95% CI: 1.700-13.506, P < 0.01), which suggested these factors were significant independent risk factors for hypospadias.
conclusionsPerinatal factors, such as HDP, multiple births and hyperthyroidism may be associated with hypospadias in male infants.
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