ArticleBMC medicine2022
Investigation of CD4 and CD8 T cell-mediated protection against influenza A virus in a cohort study.
Article in BMC medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Immunogenicity and Safety of the Influenza Vaccine in COPD Patients, and Its Relevance with Real-World Effectiveness.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Pooled it
- Influenza vaccines promote humoral and cellular immune responses: a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Superior antibody and membrane protein-specific T-cell responses to CoronaVac by intradermal versus intramuscular routes in adolescents.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2024Trial
- A self-assembled protein nanocage as a universal influenza vaccine induces enhanced broadly cross-reactive immunity.Biomaterials · 2026Article
- T-cell-mediated immunity to influenza A (H2N3): implications for caccine efficacy and cross-subtype protection.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- The role of T cells in influenza infection and vaccination.Virologica Sinica · 2026Review
- Assessing CD8Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- Inhibition Effects of Patchouli Alcohol, Carvacrol, p-Cymene, Eucalyptol and Their Formulations Against Influenza Virus Pneumonia Through TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway.Chemical biology & drug design · 2025Article
- Lung structural cells are altered by infeluenza virus leading to rapid immune protection following re-challenge.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Delivery of PLGA-Loaded Influenza Vaccine Microparticles Using Dissolving Microneedles Induces a Robust Immune Response.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Enhancing flu vaccine responses in older adults: preliminary insights from the ISOLDA study on immunosenescence and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory approaches.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Article
- Elucidating the critical role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia: insights from a Mendelian randomization analysis mediated by immune cell.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- A T cell-based ubiquitin-mediated mRNA vaccine provides cross-protection against H1N1 and B influenza viruses in mice.Current research in microbial sciences · 2025Article
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- Article
- Development of Influenza-Specific CD4 T Cell-Mediated Immunity in Children Following Inactivated Influenza Vaccination.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2024Article
- Opportunities and challenges for T cell-based influenza vaccines.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Lung influenza virus-specific memory CD4 T cell location and optimal cytokine production are dependent on interactions with lung antigen-presenting cells.Mucosal immunology · 2024Article
- Investigating the effects ofHeliyon · 2024Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe protective effect of T cell-mediated immunity against influenza virus infections in natural settings remains unclear, especially in seasonal epidemics.
methodsTo explore the potential of such protection, we analyzed the blood samples collected longitudinally in a community-based study and covered the first wave of pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1), two subsequent pH1N1 epidemics, and three seasonal H3N2 influenza A epidemics (H3N2) for which we measured pre-existing influenza virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses by intracellular IFN-γ staining assay for 965 whole blood samples.
resultsBased on logistic regression, we found that higher pre-existing influenza virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were associated with lower infection odds for corresponding subtypes. Every fold increase in H3N2-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells was associated with 28% (95% CI 8%, 44%) and 26% (95% CI 8%, 41%) lower H3N2 infection odds, respectively. Every fold increase in pre-existing seasonal H1N1 influenza A virus (sH1N1)-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells was associated with 28% (95% CI 11%, 41%) and 22% (95% CI 8%, 33%) lower pH1N1 infection odds, respectively. We observed the same associations for individuals with pre-epidemic hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers < 40. There was no correlation between pre-existing influenza virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell response and HAI titer.
conclusionsWe demonstrated homosubtypic and cross-strain protection against influenza infections was associated with T cell response, especially CD4 T cell response. These protections were independent of the protection associated with HAI titer. Therefore, T cell response could be an assessment of individual and population immunity for future epidemics and pandemics, in addition to using HAI titer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.