ArticleScience advances2022
Investigating trends in those who experience menstrual bleeding changes after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
Article in Science advances, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Menstrual disturbance associated with COVID-19 vaccines: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Menstrual disorders following COVID-19 vaccination: a review using a systematic search.Frontiers in drug safety and regulation · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- COVID-19 vaccination and menstrual disorders among women: Findings from a meta-analysis study.Journal of infection and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of COVID-19 vaccination on the menstrual cycle.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Endocrine system after 2 years of COVID-19 vaccines: A narrative review of the literature.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Physiological Response to the COVID-19 Vaccine: Insights From a Prospective, Randomized, Single-Blinded, Crossover Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Trial
- Perspectives on COVID-19 vaccine decision-making in women of reproductive age: A social approach.Patient education and counseling · 2026Article
- General practitioner consultation for postmenopausal bleeding after COVID-19 vaccination-a self-controlled cohort study.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Article
- Consensus recommendations for measuring the impact of contraception on the menstrual cycle in contraceptive clinical trials.Contraception · 2025Article
- The Clinical and Metabolic Profiles in Menstrual Changes Among Reproductive-Aged Women Post-COVID-19.MedComm · 2025Article
- Broad-Spectrum Adverse Events of Special Interests Based on Immune Response Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Large-Scale Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Coronavirus disease vaccine linked menstrual changes: mobile application study.Obstetrics & gynecology science · 2025Article
- Artificial intelligence models predicting abnormal uterine bleeding after COVID-19 vaccination.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Alterations in menstrual characteristics and associated factors in Chinese women post SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cross-sectional study.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Reporting rates of abnormal uterine bleeding after COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea.Frontiers in drug safety and regulation · 2025Article
- Association between the COVID-19 vaccination campaign and fertility trends: a population-level time series analysis for 22 countries.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- The Possible Mechanistic Basis of Individual Susceptibility to Spike Protein Injury.Advances in virology · 2025Review
- Relation Between COVID-19 Infection and Vaccine and Menstrual Cycle Changes of Portuguese Adolescents in Higher Education.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The biological and psychological impact of the Coronavirus disease-19 pandemic on the characteristics of the menstrual cycle.Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association · 2024Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Early in 2021, many people began sharing that they experienced unexpected menstrual bleeding after SARS-CoV-2 inoculation. We investigated this emerging phenomenon of changed menstrual bleeding patterns among a convenience sample of currently and formerly menstruating people using a web-based survey. In this sample, 42% of people with regular menstrual cycles bled more heavily than usual, while 44% reported no change after being vaccinated. Among respondents who typically do not menstruate, 71% of people on long-acting reversible contraceptives, 39% of people on gender-affirming hormones, and 66% of postmenopausal people reported breakthrough bleeding. We found that increased/breakthrough bleeding was significantly associated with age, systemic vaccine side effects (fever and/or fatigue), history of pregnancy or birth, and ethnicity. Generally, changes to menstrual bleeding are not uncommon or dangerous, yet attention to these experiences is necessary to build trust in medicine.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.