ArticleTissue engineering and regenerative medicine2022
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Induces Cholinergic Differentiation of Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
Article in Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- From human dental pulp stem cells to functional cholinergic neurons: An optimized neurogenic differentiation protocol for new approach methodologies.Journal of dental sciences · 2026Article
- Stepwise differentiation of airway epithelial cells from human tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- Impact of 17β-Estradiol on the Shape, Survival, Osteogenic Transformation, and mRNA Expression of Gingiva-Derived Stem Cell Spheroids.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a potential tool for regenerating damaged tissues due to their great multipotency into various cell types. Here, we attempted to find the appropriate conditions for neuronal differentiation of tonsil-derived MSCs (TMSCs) and expand the potential application of TMSCs for treating neurological diseases.
methodsThe TMSCs were differentiated in DMEM/F-12 (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12) supplemented with various neurotrophic factors for 7-28 days to determine the optimal neuronal differentiation condition for the TMSCs. The morphologies as well as the levels of the neural markers and neurotransmitters were assessed to determine neuronal differentiation potentials and the neuronal lineages of the differentiated TMSCs.
resultsOur initial study demonstrated that DMEM/F12 supplemented with 50 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor with 10 μM forskolin was the optimal condition for neuronal differentiation for the TMSCs. TMSCs had higher protein expression of neuronal markers, including neuron-specific enolase (NSE), GAP43, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), and synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP25) compared to the undifferentiated TMSCs. Immunofluorescence staining also validated the increased mature neuron markers, NeuN and synaptophysin, in the differentiated TMSCs. The expression of glial fibrillar acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 the markers of astrocytes and microglia, were also slightly increased. Additionally, the differentiated TMSCs released a significantly higher level of acetylcholine, the cholinergic neurotransmitter, as analyzed by the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and showed an enhanced choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity compared to the undifferentiated cells.
conclusionOur study suggests that the optimized condition favors the TMSCs to differentiate into cholinergic neuron-like phenotype, which could be used as a possible therapeutic tool in treating certain neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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