ArticleInternational archives of occupational and environmental health2023
The linkage of depressive and anxiety disorders with the expected labor market affiliation (ELMA): a longitudinal multi-state study of Danish employees.
Article in International archives of occupational and environmental health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- A meta-analysis of unemployment risk factors for middle-aged workers.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2025Pooled it
- Unlocking the Intangible: How Dialogue and Guidance in Labor Inspection Address Psychosocial and Ergonomic Risks at Work.Safety and health at work · 2026Article
- Chronic Pain and Labour Market Affiliation: Effect of Demographic Factors and Comorbidities 5 Years Before and 2 Years After Multidisciplinary Treatment.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2025Article
- Long-term follow-up of participants with mental ill health in the Danish return-to-work program: A secondary analysis of a controlled trial.Work (Reading, Mass.) · 2025Article
- The labor market costs of work-related stress: A longitudinal study of 52 763 Danish employees using multi-state modeling.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2024Article
- Does previous sickness absence affect work participation after vocational labour market training? A difference-in-differences propensity score matching approach.European journal of public health · 2023Article
- Practical pathway for the management of depression in the workplace: a Canadian perspective.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
objectiveDepressive and anxiety disorders are prevalent among employees in general. Still, knowledge regarding the contribution of these disorders to the dynamics of the labor market in terms of working time, sickness absence, and unemployment is scarce. We aim to quantify the linkage of depressive and anxiety disorders with labor market participation using the expected labor market affiliation method (ELMA), in a large sample of Danish employees.
methodsWe combined three survey waves on occupational health with six high-quality national registers in N = 43,148 Danish employees, of which the 2012 survey contributed 29,665 person years, the 2014 survey 33,043 person years, and the 2016 survey 35,375 person years. We used the new ELMA method to estimate the multi-state transition probabilities and 2-year expected time in work, sickness absence, and unemployment. Depressive and anxiety disorders were assessed by the Major Depression Inventory and the SCL-ANX4 scales, respectively. We adjusted for multiple variables by applying inverse probability weighting in groups of gender and age.
resultsDepressive and anxiety disorders among employees link to reduced labor market affiliation by significantly changed transitions probabilities between the labor markets states, viewed as reduced working time by 4-51 days (in two years), increased time in sickness absence by 6-44 days (in two years), and unemployment by 6-12 days (in two years) when compared to employees without depression or anxiety disorders. The results were most pronounced for women employees and for employees with both depression and anxiety disorders.
conclusionsThe study reveals detailed insight into what extent depression and anxiety disorders influence the labor market affiliation, in terms of the complex interrelation between working time, sickness absence, and unemployment. The study emphasizes the importance of preventing and handling depressive and anxiety disorders among employees for strengthening work participation.
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