ReviewInternal and emergency medicine2022
Sex and gender differences in community-acquired pneumonia.
Review in Internal and emergency medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for pneumonia after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Predictors of mortality in severe pneumonia patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Acute Respiratory Infections Hospitalizations and In-Hospital Mortality in Ecuador: Differences in Patterns Between Pediatric and Adult Populations.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Risk of pneumonia in adults with chronic cough: a nationwide cohort study.BMJ open respiratory research · 2026Article
- Explainable AI for chest radiographs: sex-stratified fairness auditing in CNN-based pneumonia detection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma antigen as a diagnostic biomarker in pulmonary diseases: a male cohort study.Diagnostic pathology · 2026Article
- Distinct Patterns of Clinical Features and Cardiac Biomarker Elevation in Community-Acquired Pneumonia and COVID-19 Pneumonia.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Shifting burdens: heart failure and pneumonia mortality patterns in the United States, 1999-2020.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- Host, Pathogen, and Pulmonary Anatomy in Pneumonia: An Integrated Imaging and Clinical Perspective.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Integrating the Hospital Frailty Risk Score into Explainable Machine Learning to Predict Mortality in Older Adults with Pneumonia: A Chilean Population-Based Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The evolving burden of ischemic heart disease in China, 1990-2023: Three decades of trends, risk factors, and future challenges.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune responses to viruses, bacteria and vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Pooled analysis of PCV13 efficacy from controlled human infection trials in Malawi and the UK.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Systemic Inflammatory Indices (SII and SIRI) in 30-Day Mortality Risk Stratification for Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Study Alongside CURB-65 and PSI.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Age-Associated Inflammatory Monocytes Are Increased in Menopausal Females and Reversed by Hormone Replacement Therapy.Aging cell · 2025Article
- The Clinical Significance of GRP78 in COVID-19 Pneumonia Across Two Regional Cohorts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Comparison of Length of Treatment and Comorbidities in Older and Adult Hospitalized Patients with Bacterial Community-Acquired Pneumonia.The Eurasian journal of medicine · 2025Article
- Nurse Staffing Management in the Context of Emergency Departments and Seasonal Respiratory Diseases: An Artificial Intelligence and Discrete-Event Simulation Approach.Journal of medical systems · 2025Article
- Addressing Sex as a Biological Variable in Preclinical Models of Lung Disease: An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Awareness of the influence of sex ands gender on the natural history of several diseases is increasing. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most common acute respiratory disease, and it is associated with both morbidity and mortality across all age groups. Although a role for sex- and gender-based differences in the development and associated complications of CAP has been postulated, there is currently high uncertainty on the actual contribution of these factors in the epidemiology and clinical course of CAP. More evidence has been produced on the topic during the last decades, and sex- and gender-based differences have also been extensively studied in COVID-19 patients since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This review aims to provide an extensive outlook of the role of sex and gender in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and outcomes of patients with CAP, and on the future research scenarios, with also a specific focus on COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.