ArticleBMJ open2022
Effect of epidural spinal cord stimulation after chronic spinal cord injury on volitional movement and cardiovascular function: study protocol for the phase II open label controlled E-STAND trial.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03026816 (Epidural Stimulation for Spinal Cord Injury), which is not on this map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Epidural Stimulation for Spinal Cord Injury
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Activity-based recovery training with spinal cord epidural stimulation improves standing performance in cervical spinal cord injury.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Trial
- Spinal Cord Injury 2.0: Bridging the Gap Between Neurobiology, Technology, and Hope in the Era of Precision Medicine.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2025Review
- Enhancing Neuroplasticity via vagus nerve stimulation to improve urinary dysfunction after spinal cord injury: a perspective.Bioelectronic medicine · 2025Review
- Recruitment Challenges in Spinal Cord Stimulation Trial for Motor Recovery in Patients with Chronic Complete Spinal Cord Injury.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Autonomic dysfunction and hemodynamic management after acute spinal cord injury: blood pressure targets, perfusion strategies, and emerging therapies.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- Improving neurological deficits secondary to transverse myelitis using epidural spinal cord stimulation: illustrative cases.Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons · 2024Article
- Unintentionally intentional: unintended effects of spinal stimulation as a platform for multi-modal neurorehabilitation after spinal cord injury.Bioelectronic medicine · 2024Review
- Electrical stimulation affects the differentiation of transplanted regionally specific human spinal neural progenitor cells (sNPCs) after chronic spinal cord injury.Stem cell research & therapy · 2023Article
- Spinal Cord Stimulation in Chronic Low Back Pain Syndrome: Mechanisms of Modulation, Technical Features and Clinical Application.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Quantification of porcine lower thoracic spinal cord morphology with intact dura mater using high-resolution μCT.Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of NeuroimagingArticle
- Sacral neurostimulation of penile erection: advancing intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during pelvic surgeries-a narrative review.Therapeutic advances in urologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionSpinal cord injury (SCI) leads to significant changes in morbidity, mortality and quality of life (QOL). Currently, there are no effective therapies to restore function after chronic SCI. Preliminary studies have indicated that epidural spinal cord stimulation (eSCS) is a promising therapy to improve motor control and autonomic function for patients with chronic SCI. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of tonic eSCS after chronic SCI on quantitative outcomes of volitional movement and cardiovascular function. Our secondary objective is to optimise spinal cord stimulation parameters for volitional movement. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The Epidural Stimulation After Neurologic Damage (ESTAND) trial is a phase II single-site self-controlled trial of epidural stimulation with the goal of restoring volitional movement and autonomic function after motor complete SCI. Participants undergo epidural stimulator implantation and are followed up over 15 months while completing at-home, mobile application-based movement testing. The primary outcome measure integrates quantity of volitional movement and similarity to normal controls using the volitional response index (VRI) and the modified Brain Motor Control Assessment. The mobile application is a custom-designed platform to support participant response and a kinematic task to optimise the settings for each participant. The application optimises stimulation settings by evaluating the parameter space using movement data collected from the tablet application and accelerometers. A subgroup of participants with cardiovascular dysautonomia are included for optimisation of blood pressure stabilisation. Indirect effects of stimulation on cardiovascular function, pain, sexual function, bowel/bladder, QOL and psychiatric measures are analysed to assess generalisability of this targeted intervention. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been approved after full review by the Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation Institutional Review Board and by the Minneapolis VA Health Care System. This project has received Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption approval. Trial results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and seminars. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03026816.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.