ArticleBMC infectious diseases2022
Co-infection with dual Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes as a cause of pediatric bacterial meningitis in Iran: a multi-center cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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6 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meningitis diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in rural, northern Uganda: 2015-2024.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Pathogen profiles in CSF from patients with acute infectious meningitis or encephalitis: a multicenter study based on multiplex PCR and mNGS in China, 2018-2019.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Characterization of meningitis-causing bacteria, with focus on genomic and pangenomic study of multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from cerebrospinal fluid.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2024Article
- Invasive disease caused simultaneously by two different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae: a microbiological appreciation.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMeningitis is considered a life-threatening infection with high mortality all over the world. Hemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) are regarded as the two most common infectious agents causing bacterial meningitis. This study aimed to identify H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae serotypes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of pediatric patients with meningitis, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
methodsThis multi-center cross-sectional study included 284 children with suspected meningitis referred to 4 target hospitals. Overall, 412 samples (128 blood and 284 CSF samples) were obtained from the patients from November 14, 2016 to November 15, 2017. The extracted DNA was examined using multiplex real time PCR to screen for S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. S. pneumoniae serotyping was also done by multiplex PCR.
resultsOut of 284 CSF specimens, 22 were positive for ply S. pneumoniae. Of 20 DNA samples meeting the Quality Control (QC) standards for serotyping, 7 (35%), 6 (30%), 2 (10%), 2 (10%), 2 (10%), 1 (5%), 1 (5%), 1 (5%), 1 (5%) and 1 (5%) were positive for serotypes 3, 11A, 6A, 14, 7C, 23F, 23B, 19A, and 19F and 5, respectively. Overall, nine samples were positive for two serotypes, of whom 3 and 11A were the most common from Tehran province. Of note, one of these CSF samples showed a new co-infection with serotypes 7C and 14. Also, 6 samples (30%) were positive for H. influenzae detected by bexA primer. None of the blood samples were positive for S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae.
conclusionCo-infection with S. pneumoniae serotypes can occur in bacterial meningitis and it might be missed if all serotypes are not evaluated in CSF specimens.
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