ReviewCancer science2022
Mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Review in Cancer science, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Advancements in immunotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer: Current landscape and future prospects.Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia · 2026Pooled it
- Mitochondrial transfer-driven immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment.International immunology · 2026Review
- High ZFP36 Family Expression in Exhausted T Cells Is Associated With Impaired Antitumor Effector Function.Cancer science · 2026Article
- Bridging BET bromodomain and immune checkpoint inhibitors through generative bioorganic frameworks for next-generation cancer immunotherapy.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Decoding the cancer microbiome: multi-omics, AI, and translational opportunities.Genome biology · 2026Review
- Immunotherapy in Gynecologic Cancers: Current Evidence, Biomarker-Driven Practice, and Future Directions.Cancers · 2026Review
- cGAS-STING pathway activation drives the cold-to-hot tumor transition and sensitizes immunotherapy.Cancer biology & medicine · 2026Review
- Chemically Masked aPD-L1-Sialidase Conjugate for Tumor-Specific Desialylation and Immunotherapy.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Estrogen Receptors and Enzymes Involved in Estrogen Synthesis as Breast Cancer Treatment Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Incidence of B-cell Malignancies in Patients with Lung Cancer Receiving PD-1 Blockade Therapy.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Article
- Targeting the cancer metabolism-immunity interface: update and perspectives.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Role of the Wnt5A pathway in resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Review
- TIM-3 in AML: pathogenic roles and therapeutic targetability.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Influence of Gut Microbiota on Response to Immune Check Point Inhibitors in MASLD Patients With HCC: Unraveling the Connection.Cancer medicine · 2026Review
- ULK1 drives NDP52-mediated selective autophagic degradation of MHC-I to promote immune evasion in HPV-positive head and neck cancer.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Heat up and Destroy: Immunotherapy of "Cold" Tumors Using the Example of Glioblastoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- T-Cell Immunity and Lung Cancer.Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2026Review
- TIGIT Blockade Potentiates the Anti-Leukemic Activity of Exercise-Mobilized Donor Lymphocytes and Expanded γδ T-Cells.Cancers · 2026Article
- Tumor Microenvironments in Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors: MHC Class I Loss and T-Cell Exhaustion in Dysgerminoma.Cancer science · 2026Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are effective for various types of cancer, and their application has led to paradigm shifts in cancer treatment. While many patients can obtain clinical benefits from ICI treatment, a large number of patients are primarily resistant to such treatment or acquire resistance after an initial response. Thus, elucidating the resistance mechanisms is warranted to improve the clinical outcomes of ICI treatment. ICIs exert their antitumor effects by activating T cells in the tumor microenvironment. There are various resistance mechanisms, such as insufficient antigen recognition by T cells, impaired T-cell migration and/or infiltration, and reduced T-cell cytotoxicity, most of which are related to the T-cell activation process. Thus, we classify them into three main mechanisms: resistance mechanisms related to antigen recognition, T-cell migration and/or infiltration, and effector functions of T cells. In this review, we summarize these mechanisms of resistance to ICIs related to the T-cell activation process and progress in the development of novel therapies that can overcome resistance.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.