ArticleDiabetes2022
Sustained Proinflammatory Effects of Hypoglycemia in People With Type 2 Diabetes and in People Without Diabetes.
Article in Diabetes, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of hypoglycaemia with the risks of arrhythmia and mortality in individuals with diabetes - a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Adrenaline is a prominent driver of inflammatory responses following hypoglycaemia.Diabetologia · 2026Trial
- Gender differences in hypoglycaemia in type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: the Hypo-METRICS study.Diabetologia · 2026Observational
- Glucose Dysregulation as a Driver of Autoimmune Mimicry, Inflammation, and Psychiatric Symptoms: A Narrative Review.Biology · 2026Review
- Preventing Severe Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Controlled Trial of Proactive Care With Versus Without Psychoeducation.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Recurrent hypoglycaemia promotes cardiomyopathy and cardiac vulnerability in a rodent model of type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Clinical perspectives of new insights and tools to minimize the hypoglycaemia burden connected with type 2 diabetes pharmacotherapy.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Targeted proteomics analysis in type 1 diabetes identifies lower agouti-related protein levels in individuals with impaired hypoglycaemia awareness.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Investigating the Therapeutic Mechanisms of Shen-Ling-Bai-Zhu-San in Type 2 Diabetes and Ulcerative Colitis Comorbidity: A Network Pharmacology and Molecular Simulation Approach.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Hypoglycemia Induces Diabetic Macrovascular Endothelial Dysfunction via Endothelial Cell PANoptosis, Macrophage Polarization, and VSMC Fibrosis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Obesity indicators mediate the association between the aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Effects of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on cardiac function in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and people without diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- Glycemic Comparison Index (GCI): a retrospective analysis of its prognostic value in ICU patients with AMI and diabetes.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- NLRP3 Inflammasome Triggers Inflammation of Obstructive Sleep Apnea.Current molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Relationship Between Sensor-Detected Hypoglycemia and Patient-Reported Hypoglycemia in People With Type 1 and Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes: The Hypo-METRICS Study.Diabetes care · 2024Article
- Estimating risk of consequences following hypoglycaemia exposure using the Hypo-RESOLVE cohort: a secondary analysis of pooled data from insulin clinical trials.Diabetologia · 2024Article
- Counterregulatory hormone and symptom responses to hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes or without diabetes: the Hypo-RESOLVE hypoglycaemic clamp study.Acta diabetologica · 2024Article
- Differential Association between Blood Glucose Levels and Nonrelapse Mortality after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Based on Presence or Absence of Preexisting Diabetes.Transplantation and cellular therapy · 2024Article
- The impact of prior exposure to hypoglycaemia on the inflammatory response to a subsequent hypoglycaemic episode.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2024Article
- Brain Regulation of Cardiac Function during Hypoglycemia.Metabolites · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Iatrogenic hypoglycemia activates the immune system and is associated with an increased risk for atherosclerotic disease. We determined acute and long-term effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on inflammatory markers in humans with or without type 2 diabetes. A total of 15 adults with type 2 diabetes and 16 matched control subjects (17 men and 14 women, age 59.6 ± 7.1 years, BMI 28.5 ± 4.3 kg/m2) underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (5.31 ± 0.32 mmol/L) hypoglycemic (2.80 ± 0.12 mmol/L) glucose clamp. Blood was drawn during euglycemia and hypoglycemia and 1, 3, and 7 days later to determine circulating immune cell composition, function, and inflammatory proteins. In response to hypoglycemia, absolute numbers of circulating lymphocytes and monocytes significantly increased and remained elevated for 1 week. The proportion of CD16+ monocytes increased, and the proportion of CD14+ monocytes decreased, which was sustained for 1 week in people without diabetes. During hypoglycemia, ex vivo stimulated monocytes released more tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1β, and less interleukin 10, particularly in people with diabetes. hs-CRP and 25 circulating inflammatory proteins increased, remaining significantly elevated 1 week after hypoglycemia. While levels at euglycemia differed, responses to hypoglycemia were broadly similar in people with or without type 2 diabetes. We conclude that hypoglycemia induces a proinflammatory response at the cellular and protein level that is sustained for 1 week in people with type 2 diabetes and control subjects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.