ArticleAndrology2022
Increased androgen-related comorbidity in adolescents and adults born with hypospadias: A population-based study.
Article in Andrology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic and genomic insights into male reproductive tract development.Fertility and sterility · 2025Pooled it
- The genetic landscape of hypospadias: clinical insights into inherited and de novo risk factors.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Vascular Ageing in Conditions Associated with Early-Onset Hypogonadism.Journal of vascular research · 2026Article
- Genital and urinary tract malformations, associated morbidity, and need for urogenital surgery among children with esophageal atresia: a retrospective cohort study.Pediatric surgery international · 2026Article
- Mortality and Causes of Death in Boys and Men Born With Hypospadias: A Swedish Population-Based Cohort Study.Urology practice · 2025Article
- Differences of sex development.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Retrospective studies and quantitative proteomics reveal that abnormal expression of blood pressure, blood lipids, and coagulation related proteins is associated with hypospadias.Human genetics · 2024Article
- A qualitative content analysis of the experience of living with hypospadias: varying impact on identity and interpersonal relationships.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Risk of Urological Cancer Among Boys and Men Born with Hypospadias: A Swedish Population-based Study.European urology open science · 2023Article
- Increased androgen-related comorbidity in adolescents and adults born with hypospadias: A population-based study.Andrology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHypospadias is a common congenital malformation often related to the effect of androgens in utero. While hypogonadism is associated with many potential health risks including metabolic and cardiovascular disease, the risk of clinical hypogonadism and comorbidities in men with hypospadias later in life has not been studied.
objectivesInvestigate the risk of hypogonadism and somatic comorbidities in adolescents and men born with hypospadias. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe conducted a population-based cohort study using Swedish registers. Associations between hypospadias and hypogonadism, delayed puberty, metabolic, and cardiovascular disease respectively were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Body measurements from military conscription were analysed in a subpopulation as indicators of growth and cardiometabolic risk. We used sibling comparison analyses to control for familial confounding.
resultsUsing register data, a total of 2,165,255 men including 9,714 men born with hypospadias were followed from the age of 10 to a maximum of 60 years. We found an association between hypospadias and hypogonadism (Hazard ratio (HR) 3.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.33-4.59) which was more pronounced in proximal hypospadias. Men with hypospadias had shorter average height than their brothers and the general population. We further found an increased risk of delayed puberty (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.08-2.07), diabetes mellitus type 2 (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.18-2.09) and cardiovascular disease (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.27-1.71). DISCUSSION: We found an increased risk of hypogonadism, metabolic and cardiovascular disease in men born with hypospadias, increasing with severity of phenotype, as well as impacted growth. These results indicate discruptions in androgen function past childhood, although some of the associations may be due to other underlying aetiologies.
conclusionHypospadias is associated with an increased risk of androgen-related comorbidity in adolescence and adulthood. We suggest that this can be considered clinically, while further research is needed, especially in older populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.