ReviewTrends in immunology2022
Genetic and hormonal mechanisms underlying sex-specific immune responses in tuberculosis.
Review in Trends in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in female patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Sex differences in tuberculosis incidence: a pooled analysis of 11 prospective cohort studies.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Risk Factors for Immunological Sensitization to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Progression to Incident TB Disease Among HIV-uninfected Adults in a High Burden Setting.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The Sialomucin CD43 Drives Tuberculosis Immunopathology Across Different Host Genetic Backgrounds.Inflammation · 2026Article
- Host immunosenescence compromisesAging · 2026Article
- CCR6 is essential for effective immunity againstInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune responses to viruses, bacteria and vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Modelling the impact of increasing tuberculosis treatment coverage and addressing determinants of risk in men.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Sex as a Biological Variable in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- B cells and iBALT in TB immunity & pathogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Trends and age-period-cohort analysis of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis: a population-based study in Hunan Province, China, 2009-2023.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Tuberculosis: An Ongoing Global Threat.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Trends, challenges, and outcomes of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a ten-year study in Cologne (2012-2022).BMC public health · 2025Article
- Targeting androgen receptor signaling to enhance cancer immunotherapy.Trends in pharmacological sciences · 2025Review
- Brief Report: Sex and HIV Modify Immune Activation Biomarkers in Ugandans Post-Tuberculosis.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- SMURF2 inhibits autophagic control ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Cathepsin Z is a conserved susceptibility factor underlying tuberculosis severity.PLoS biology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), the world's deadliest bacterial infection, afflicts more human males than females, with a male/female (M/F) ratio of 1.7. Sex disparities in TB prevalence, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations are widely reported, but the underlying biological mechanisms remain largely undefined. This review assesses epidemiological data on sex disparity in TB, as well as possible underlying hormonal and genetic mechanisms that might differentially modulate innate and adaptive immune responses in males and females, leading to sex differences in disease susceptibility. We consider whether this sex disparity can be extended to the efficacy of vaccines and discuss novel animal models which may offer mechanistic insights. A better understanding of the biological factors underpinning sex-related immune responses in TB may enable sex-specific personalized therapies for TB.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.