ArticleCardiology research2022
Habitual Hot-Tub Bathing and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Cardiology research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Passive heat therapy is feasible but does not affect cardiometabolic health outcomes in persons with spinal cord injury - a pilot study.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Heat Therapy: Targeting Health, Disease, and Disability.Comprehensive Physiology · 2026Review
- Effect of heat therapy compared with strength training on metabolic profile, heat shock response, inflammation, cardiovascular responses and microbiota in individuals with type 2 diabetes: study protocol of a randomized trial.Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina · 2025Article
- Balance Function Required for Bathing Independence in Patients with Stroke and Hip Fracture.Progress in rehabilitation medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Several studies suggested that heat therapy, including sauna or hot-tub bathing, was associated with improved glycemia and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to assess the influences of the habit of hot-tub bathing on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes in a real-world setting. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled the patients with type 2 diabetes who regularly visited the outpatient clinic between October 2018 and March 2019. We obtained the information on the habit of hot-tub bathing by using a self-reported questionnaire. The results of anthropometric measurements, blood tests and medications were obtained from the medical charts. We divided the patients into three groups according to the frequency of hot-tub bathing as follows; group 1: ≥ 4 times a week, group 2: < 4 times a week, ≥ 1 time a week, group 3: < 1 time a week. The biomarkers were compared among the groups by one-way analysis of variance. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to adjust for confounding variables. Results: We enrolled 1,297 patients. There were significant differences in body mass index (group1: 25.5 ± 5.0, group 2: 26.0 ± 5.4, group 3: 26.7 ± 6.0, P = 0.025), diastolic blood pressure (73 ± 12, 75 ± 12, 77 ± 13, P = 0.001) and hemoglobin A1c (7.10 ± 0.97, 7.20 ± 1.11, 7.36 ± 1.67, P = 0.012). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the frequency of hot-tub bathing was a significant determinant of hemoglobin A1c, body mass index and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions: In this real-world study, habitual hot-tub bathing was associated with slight improvements in glycemia, obesity and diastolic blood pressure, and thus, can be a possible lifestyle intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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